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Transcription is the biological process where the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into RNA, which serves as a template for protein synthesis. This crucial step in gene expression is regulated by various factors ensuring that the right genes are expressed at the right time and in the right amount.
The DNA template strand is the single-stranded sequence of DNA that is used as a template for RNA synthesis during transcription. It is complementary to both the coding strand and the resultant mRNA, thereby determining the order of nucleotides that will define the genetic information carried by mRNA molecules.
Nucleotide addition is a crucial process in DNA and RNA synthesis where nucleotides are sequentially added to a growing nucleic acid chain by enzymes such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. This process ensures the accurate replication and transcription of genetic information, which is essential for cell division and protein synthesis.
The '5' to 3' direction' refers to the orientation in which nucleic acid strands, such as DNA and RNA, are synthesized and read during processes like replication and transcription. This directionality is crucial for the enzymatic functions that ensure accurate genetic information transfer and expression.
RNA synthesis, also known as transcription, is the process by which a DNA template is used to produce a complementary RNA strand, playing a crucial role in gene expression. This process involves the enzyme RNA polymerase and occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells or the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.
Protein synthesis is the cellular process through which genetic information is translated into functional proteins, essential for cellular structure and function. It involves two main stages: transcription, where DNA is converted into mRNA, and translation, where mRNA is decoded by ribosomes to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains.
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, typically proteins, which ultimately determine cellular function and phenotype. This process is tightly regulated at multiple levels, including transcription, RNA processing, translation, and post-translational modifications, to ensure proper cellular function and response to environmental cues.
Transcriptional regulation is the process by which a cell controls the conversion of DNA to RNA, thereby determining the expression levels of genes. This regulation is crucial for cellular differentiation, development, and response to environmental signals, involving complex interactions between DNA, RNA, proteins, and small molecules.
tRNA binding is a crucial step in protein synthesis where transfer RNA molecules recognize and attach to specific mRNA codons, facilitating the addition of the correct amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain. This process ensures the accurate translation of genetic information from nucleic acids to functional proteins, which is essential for cellular function and organismal development.
Concept
EF-G, or Elongation Factor G, is a protein involved in the translocation step of protein synthesis on the ribosome, facilitating the movement of tRNA and mRNA. It is essential for the elongation phase of translation in prokaryotes and functions by hydrolyzing GTP to provide the energy required for this process.
mRNA decoding is a critical biological process where the sequence of mRNA is translated into a specific sequence of amino acids, forming a protein. This process occurs in the ribosome and involves the reading of mRNA codons by tRNA molecules, which assemble the corresponding amino acids into a growing polypeptide chain.
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