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Physiological processes are the complex interactions and functions that occur within living organisms to maintain life and homeostasis. These processes encompass a wide range of activities, including metabolism, respiration, circulation, and cellular communication, each crucial for sustaining health and responding to environmental changes.
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Homeostasis is the physiological process by which biological systems maintain stability and equilibrium in response to changing external conditions. It is essential for the survival of organisms, enabling them to regulate internal environments such as temperature, pH, and ion concentrations to ensure optimal functioning.
Concept
Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms that enable them to grow, reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to environmental changes. It involves two main processes: catabolism, which breaks down molecules to produce energy, and anabolism, which uses energy to construct components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids.
Cellular respiration is a metabolic process by which cells convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), releasing waste products. It involves a series of redox reactions and occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
The nervous system is a complex network responsible for coordinating all bodily functions by transmitting signals between different parts of the body. It plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, processing sensory information, and enabling voluntary and inVoluntary Actions.
Endocrine regulation involves the precise control and coordination of hormone production and release by various glands, ensuring homeostasis and proper physiological functioning. It relies on feedback mechanisms to adjust hormone levels in response to changes in the body's internal and external environments.
The circulatory system is a complex network responsible for the transportation of blood, nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body, ensuring that tissues receive the necessary components for metabolism and function. It consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, working together to maintain homeostasis and support the body's immune and Endocrine Systems.
Digestive processes involve the breakdown of food into smaller components that can be absorbed and utilized by the body, encompassing both mechanical and chemical digestion. This complex system includes various organs and enzymes that work together to ensure nutrients are efficiently extracted and waste is excreted.
The excretory system is responsible for removing waste products and maintaining homeostasis by regulating the body's fluid balance, electrolyte levels, and pH. It primarily involves organs like the kidneys, liver, lungs, and skin, each playing a crucial role in filtering and eliminating different types of waste from the body.
The immune response is the body's defense mechanism against pathogens, involving a complex interplay between innate and adaptive immunity. It includes the recognition of foreign antigens, activation of immune cells, and the elimination of pathogens, while also maintaining tolerance to self-antigens to prevent autoimmunity.
Cell signaling is a complex communication process that governs basic cellular activities and coordinates cell actions, ensuring that cells respond appropriately to their environment. It involves the transmission of signals via signaling molecules, receptors, and intracellular pathways, ultimately leading to a physiological response.
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a nuclear imaging technique that provides 3D information about the functional processes in the body by detecting gamma rays emitted from injected radiotracers. It is widely used in medical diagnostics to assess conditions affecting the brain, heart, and bones, offering insights into the metabolic and physiological functions of tissues and organs.
Endogenous compounds are naturally occurring substances synthesized within an organism, playing crucial roles in maintaining physiological processes and homeostasis. They include hormones, neurotransmitters, and metabolic intermediates, and their balance is essential for health and normal functioning.
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of cell surface receptors that play a critical role in cellular communication and signal transduction by activating G proteins. They are involved in numerous physiological processes and are a major target for drug development due to their involvement in various diseases.
Concept
TRPV3 is a temperature-sensitive ion channel that plays a crucial role in sensory perception, particularly in detecting warm temperatures and contributing to skin barrier function. It is part of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family, which are involved in various physiological processes including temperature sensation, pain perception, and taste.
Concept
Connexins are a family of proteins that form gap junctions, facilitating direct cell-to-cell communication by allowing the transfer of ions, metabolites, and signaling molecules between adjacent cells. This process is crucial for maintaining tissue homeostasis, coordinating cellular activities, and enabling rapid signal transmission in various physiological processes.
Mesenchymal transition refers to the process by which epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell-cell adhesion, gaining migratory and invasive properties to become mesenchymal stem cells. This transformation is crucial for embryonic development, tissue regeneration, and cancer metastasis, highlighting its dual role in both physiological and pathological contexts.
Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) is a protein that plays a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in the body, similar to parathyroid hormone (PTH), but it is also involved in a wide range of other physiological processes, including bone development and cellular growth. Its discovery has significantly advanced our understanding of hypercalcemia in cancer patients, as PTHrP is often overexpressed in various malignancies, leading to increased calcium levels.
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