Cellular respiration is a metabolic process by which cells convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), releasing waste products. It involves a series of redox reactions and occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration

metabolic process

biochemical energy

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the primary energy carrier in all living organisms on Earth, acting as a universal energy currency for cellular processes. It stores energy in its high-energy phosphate bonds and releases it upon hydrolysis, driving various biological functions such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis.

adenosine triphosphate

ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, is the primary energy carrier in all living organisms, acting as a molecular currency that drives various biological processes. It stores energy in its high-energy phosphate bonds, which is released upon hydrolysis to power cellular activities.

waste products

Redox reactions, short for reduction-oxidation reactions, involve the transfer of electrons between chemical species, with one species undergoing oxidation (loss of electrons) and the other undergoing reduction (gain of electrons). These reactions are fundamental to numerous biological and industrial processes, including cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and metal extraction.

redox reactions

Glycolysis is a fundamental metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH in the process, and occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. It is the first step in cellular respiration and provides energy and metabolic intermediates for other pathways, regardless of the presence of oxygen.

glycolysis

The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle, is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of ATP. It is a central metabolic pathway that also provides precursors for various biosynthetic processes, including amino acids and nucleotide synthesis.

citric acid cycle

Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which cells generate ATP, the primary energy currency, through the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis in the mitochondria. This process is crucial for aerobic respiration, as it efficiently converts energy stored in nutrients into a usable form for cellular activities.

oxidative phosphorylation

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