The phase rule, formulated by Josiah Willard Gibbs, is a principle that provides the number of degrees of freedom in a closed system at equilibrium based on the number of phases, components, and external variables. It is expressed as F = C - P + 2, where F is the degrees of freedom, C is the number of components, and P is the number of phases present.

Phase Rule

Degrees of freedom refer to the number of independent values or quantities that can be assigned to a statistical distribution or model without violating any constraints. They are crucial in determining the validity of statistical tests and models, influencing the shape of distributions and the accuracy of parameter estimates.

Degrees Of Freedom

A closed system is a physical system that does not exchange matter with its surroundings but can exchange energy. It is often used in thermodynamics to simplify the analysis of energy transformations by focusing on energy exchanges only.

Closed System

Equilibrium refers to a state where opposing forces or influences are balanced, resulting in a stable system. It is a fundamental concept across various disciplines, indicating a condition where variables remain constant over time unless disturbed by external factors.

Equilibrium

Number of phases

Number of components

External variables in programming are those that are defined outside of any function, class, or module, making them accessible throughout the entire program. These variables play a crucial role in sharing data across different parts of a program and maintaining state information between various function calls or modules.

Concepts

Relevant Degrees

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