The Gibbs-Duhem Equation describes the relationship between the changes in chemical potential for components in a thermodynamic system at constant temperature and pressure. It is fundamental in understanding phase equilibria and is crucial for deriving other thermodynamic properties of mixtures.

Gibbs-Duhem Equation

Chemical potential is a measure of the change in a system's energy when an additional particle is introduced, keeping temperature and volume constant, and it plays a crucial role in determining the direction of chemical reactions and phase transitions. It is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, providing insight into how substances distribute themselves in different phases and react chemically.

chemical potential

A thermodynamic system is a defined region in space or a set of substances that is being studied in thermodynamics, where energy and matter interactions are analyzed. It is crucial for understanding how energy transfers and transformations occur, which is fundamental for applications ranging from engines to refrigerators.

thermodynamic system

constant temperature

Constant pressure

Phase equilibria describe the balance between different phases of matter in a closed system at equilibrium, where the phases coexist without any net change over time. It is governed by variables such as temperature, pressure, and composition, and is crucial for understanding processes like distillation, crystallization, and the behavior of multi-component systems.

phase equilibria

Thermodynamic properties are characteristics of a system that define its state and can be used to predict the system's behavior under various conditions. These properties include both extensive and intensive variables, which are crucial for understanding energy exchanges and transformations in physical and chemical processes.

thermodynamic properties

A mixture is a combination of two or more substances where each retains its individual chemical properties and can be physically separated. Mixtures can be homogeneous, with uniform composition throughout, or heterogeneous, with distinct phases and components.

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