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Dark matter is a form of matter that does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it invisible and detectable only through its gravitational effects on visible matter. It is believed to constitute approximately 27% of the universe, influencing the structure and evolution of galaxies and galaxy clusters.
The Standard Model is a fundamental theory in physics that describes the electromagnetic, weak, and strong nuclear interactions, which govern the behavior of all known subatomic particles. It successfully unifies three of the four fundamental forces of nature, but does not include gravity, and predicts the existence of particles like the Higgs boson, which was confirmed experimentally in 2012.
Neutrino oscillation is a quantum mechanical phenomenon where a neutrino changes its flavor as it propagates through space, providing evidence for neutrino mass. This discovery has profound implications for the Standard Model of particle physics, indicating that it is incomplete and requiring extensions to incorporate neutrino masses.
Supersymmetry is a theoretical framework in particle physics that postulates a symmetry between fermions and bosons, aiming to unify the fundamental forces and address unresolved issues in the Standard Model, such as the hierarchy problem. Although no experimental evidence for supersymmetry has yet been found, it remains a significant area of research due to its potential to explain dark matter and provide a pathway to a more comprehensive theory of everything.
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Axions are hypothetical elementary particles postulated to solve the strong CP problem in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) by introducing a new symmetry. They are also considered a promising candidate for dark matter, as they are light, electrically neutral, and interact very weakly with ordinary matter.
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Quantum Field Theory (QFT) is a fundamental framework in theoretical physics that blends quantum mechanics with special relativity to describe how particles and fields interact. It serves as the foundation for understanding particle physics and the Standard Model, providing insights into the behavior of subatomic particles and the forces that govern them.
Negative mass is a theoretical concept in physics that proposes the existence of matter whose mass has an opposite sign to that of normal mass, resulting in unusual properties like moving in the opposite direction when a force is applied. This concept challenges traditional understandings of momentum and gravity, leading to fascinating explorations in advanced theoretical physics and cosmology.
The sign of mass refers to the property of a particle that determines whether its influence in a field is attractive or repulsive. In most contexts, mass is considered positive, leading to an attractive force like gravity; however, theoretical physics explores concepts where negative mass could hypothetically result in repulsive interactions.
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