The Standard Model of Particle Physics is a well-established theory that describes three of the four known fundamental forces in the universe and classifies all known subatomic particles. It successfully explains electromagnetic, weak, and strong nuclear interactions but does not incorporate gravity or account for dark matter and dark energy.

Standard Model Of Particle Physics

Standard Model of Particle Physics

Theory of particle physics

Fundamental forces are the essential interactions that govern the behavior of particles and the structure of matter in the universe. There are four known fundamental forces: gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear, each with distinct characteristics and roles in physical processes.

fundamental forces

Subatomic particles are the fundamental constituents of matter, existing within atoms and comprising protons, neutrons, and electrons. Understanding their interactions and properties is crucial for exploring the nature of matter and the forces governing the universe.

subatomic particles

Electromagnetic interactions are fundamental forces that occur between charged particles, mediated by the exchange of virtual photons. These interactions govern a wide range of phenomena including the behavior of atoms, the propagation of light, and the forces in electrical and magnetic fields.

Electromagnetic Interactions

Weak Interactions

strong nuclear interactions

Gravity is a fundamental force of nature that attracts two bodies with mass towards each other, playing a crucial role in the structure and behavior of the universe. It governs the motion of celestial bodies, influences tides, and is essential for phenomena such as the orbits of planets and the falling of objects on Earth.

gravity

Dark matter is a form of matter that does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it invisible and detectable only through its gravitational effects on visible matter. It is believed to constitute approximately 27% of the universe, influencing the structure and evolution of galaxies and galaxy clusters.

dark matter

Dark energy is a mysterious form of energy that is hypothesized to be responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe, accounting for approximately 68% of the total energy content of the cosmos. Its nature remains one of the biggest unsolved problems in physics, with various theories suggesting it could be a property of space itself or a new dynamic field.

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