Fermions and bosons are the two fundamental categories of particles in quantum mechanics, distinguished by their differing spin characteristics—fermions have half-integer spins while bosons have integer spins. This difference leads to contrasting behaviors where fermions adhere to the Pauli Exclusion Principle, disallowing identical fermions from occupying the same quantum state, whereas bosons can occupy the same state, enabling phenomena like Bose-Einstein condensation.
