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Second language acquisition (SLA) is the process through which people learn a language other than their native tongue, involving cognitive, social, and cultural dimensions. It encompasses various stages and is influenced by factors such as age, motivation, exposure, and the learner's first language.
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The critical period hypothesis suggests that there is a specific window in early human development during which the acquisition of language occurs most naturally and efficiently. After this period, typically ending around puberty, language learning becomes significantly more challenging and less likely to result in native-like fluency.
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Communicative competence refers to the ability to use language effectively and appropriately in various social contexts, encompassing not only grammatical proficiency but also the understanding of social norms and cultural nuances. It involves the integration of linguistic, sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic competencies to achieve successful communication.
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Interlanguage is a dynamic linguistic system that language learners develop as they progress towards full proficiency in a second language, reflecting elements of both their native language and the target language. It evolves through stages and is characterized by systematic errors that gradually decrease as learners receive more input and practice.
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Language transfer refers to the influence of a person's native language on their learning and use of a second language, which can result in both positive transfer (facilitating learning) and negative transfer (interfering with learning). Understanding Language transfer is crucial for language educators as it helps in identifying the specific challenges and advantages learners may face based on their linguistic background.
Motivation in language learning is a critical factor that influences the success and persistence of learners in acquiring a new language. It encompasses both the desire to learn and the effort put into learning, driven by intrinsic factors like personal interest and extrinsic factors such as rewards or recognition.
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The Input Hypothesis, proposed by Stephen Krashen, posits that language acquisition occurs when learners are exposed to language input that is slightly beyond their current level of proficiency, known as 'i+1'. This hypothesis emphasizes the importance of comprehensible input in language learning, suggesting that understanding messages is more crucial than grammar instruction or output practice.
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The Output Hypothesis posits that language learning is significantly enhanced when learners are pushed to produce language, as this process helps them to notice gaps in their linguistic knowledge and refine their understanding. It emphasizes the importance of output in addition to input for effective language acquisition, suggesting that producing language can lead to deeper cognitive processing and learning.
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Language immersion is an educational approach where learners are placed in an environment where they use the target language as the primary medium of instruction and communication. This method accelerates language acquisition by providing contextual learning opportunities, fostering natural language development and cultural understanding.
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Bilingualism is the ability to use two languages proficiently, which can enhance cognitive flexibility, cultural understanding, and communication skills. It is a dynamic skill that can vary in proficiency across different contexts and over time, influenced by factors such as age of acquisition, frequency of use, and social environment.
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Morpheme segmentation is the process of dividing a word into its smallest meaningful units, known as morphemes, which can be roots, prefixes, or suffixes. This linguistic analysis is crucial for understanding word formation, enhancing language processing in computational linguistics, and aiding in language learning and translation tasks.
In the Russian alphabet, there are ten special letters called vowels that help us make different sounds when we speak. These vowels are important because they can change how words sound and mean, just like magic letters in a storybook.
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A 'lingua veicolare' is a language that people use to talk to each other when they don't share the same native language. It's like a special tool that helps everyone understand each other, even if they speak different languages at home.
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The second tone mark is like a little hat that goes up, showing us how to say a word in Chinese with a rising voice, like when you're asking a question. It's important because it helps us understand and say words correctly, just like how we use different voices to show feelings when we talk.
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Esperanto is a special language that was made to help people from different countries talk to each other easily. It uses simple words and rules so everyone can learn it quickly and make new friends from all over the world.
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The first tone mark is like a little line that goes straight across the top of a letter to show that you say the sound in a high and flat way, like you're singing a note. It's used in some languages, like Chinese, to help people know exactly how to say words the right way.
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French conversation is when people talk to each other using the French language. It's like a fun game where you learn new words and sounds to talk with friends who speak French.
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Language support tools help people understand and use different languages better. They can be things like apps or websites that help you learn new words or talk to people who speak other languages.
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A single vowel is when you see just one letter like 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', or 'u' in a word, and it makes a sound. These letters are special because they help make words sound right when we say them.
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Basic Spanish expressions are simple words and phrases that help you talk to people who speak Spanish. They include greetings like 'Hola' for 'Hello' and 'AdiĆ³s' for 'Goodbye', and are useful for making friends and being polite.
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Erasmus is a program that helps students and teachers from different countries in Europe visit each other to learn new things and make friends. It's like a big school exchange where people can share their cultures and ideas to make the world a happier place.
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Pronunciation accuracy means saying words the right way so others can understand you. It's like learning to play a song perfectly on a piano, where every note needs to be just right.
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The fourth tone mark is a way to show how to say a word in Mandarin Chinese. It makes your voice go down quickly, like when you say 'No!' with a little bit of force.
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Connecting with the world means talking, sharing, and learning with people from different places, even if they are far away. It helps us understand new ideas, make friends, and see how everyone is special in their own way.
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Thai is the language people speak in Thailand, and it has its own special alphabet with letters that look different from the ones we use in English. It's a tonal language, which means the way you say a word can change its meaning, like singing a song with different notes.
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Tonal marks are special symbols that help us know how to say words in some languages, like when our voice goes up or down. They make sure we understand each other better because they show us the right way to talk or sing the words.
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Text combination is like mixing words together to make new sentences or stories. It's like when you take different colored blocks and put them together to build something fun and new.
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Consistent pronunciation means saying words the same way every time, which helps people understand you better. It's like always drawing a circle the same way so everyone knows it's a circle.
Internationalization of higher education means schools from different countries work together so students can learn about the world and share ideas. This helps students understand different cultures and prepares them to work anywhere in the world when they grow up.
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Syntax simplification is like making sentences easier to understand by using simple words and shorter sentences. It's like when a teacher explains something in a way that everyone in the class can understand, even if it's a hard topic.
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