Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of mental processes such as perception, memory, reasoning, and problem-solving, focusing on how people understand, diagnose, and respond to information. It emphasizes internal mental states and uses experimental methods to study how people acquire, process, and store information.
Metacognition is the awareness and regulation of one's own thought processes, enabling individuals to understand, control, and improve their learning and problem-solving abilities. It involves self-reflection, self-monitoring, and self-regulation, which are crucial for effective learning and adapting to new challenges.
Schema theory posits that all knowledge is organized into units or frameworks, known as schemas, which help individuals understand and interpret information by providing a structure for experiences and expectations. These schemas are dynamic, evolving with new information and experiences, and play a critical role in cognitive processes such as memory, perception, and learning.
Linguistic transfer occurs when features from a speaker's native language influence the learning or use of a second language, often affecting pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary. This phenomenon can be both positive, facilitating language acquisition by using similarities, or negative, creating errors due to differences between the languages.
L1 Transfer refers to the influence that a person's native language (L1) has on the learning and use of a second language (L2), often affecting pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. It can result in both positive transfer, where similarities between languages facilitate learning, and negative transfer, where differences lead to errors.
Transfer effects refer to the influence that learning or performance in one context or task has on performance in another, potentially unrelated, context or task. These effects can be positive, facilitating learning and performance, or negative, causing interference and confusion, and are crucial in understanding cognitive processes and educational practices.