Complement deficiency refers to a condition where there is a lack or dysfunction of one or more components of the complement system, a crucial part of the innate immune response. This deficiency can lead to increased susceptibility to infections, particularly with encapsulated bacteria, and may be associated with autoimmune diseases due to impaired clearance of immune complexes.

Complement Deficiency

The immune response is the body's defense mechanism against pathogens, involving a complex interplay between innate and adaptive immunity. It includes the recognition of foreign antigens, activation of immune cells, and the elimination of pathogens, while also maintaining tolerance to self-antigens to prevent autoimmunity.

Immune Response

The innate immune response is the body's first line of defense against pathogens, characterized by its rapid, non-specific action. It involves physical barriers, immune cells, and proteins that recognize and eliminate invaders without prior exposure or adaptation.

Innate Immune Response

Susceptibility to infections

Encapsulated bacteria are bacteria that possess an outer capsule composed of polysaccharides, which enhances their virulence by protecting them from phagocytosis by host immune cells. This capsule is a crucial factor in the pathogenicity of certain bacteria, making infections more severe and challenging to treat.

Encapsulated Bacteria

Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue damage. These diseases can affect almost any part of the body and are influenced by genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors.

Autoimmune Diseases

Impaired clearance

Immune complexes are formed when antibodies bind to antigens, and they can trigger inflammation and tissue damage if not cleared effectively by the immune system. These complexes play a critical role in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, highlighting the importance of balance in immune responses.

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