Waning immunity refers to the gradual decrease in the effectiveness of the immune system's response to a pathogen over time, often after vaccination or natural infection. This phenomenon can lead to increased susceptibility to infections and may necessitate booster doses to maintain protective immunity levels.

Waning Immunity

The immune system response is a complex network of cells and proteins that defends the body against infection by identifying and neutralizing pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and parasites. It involves both innate and adaptive immunity, working together to recognize and eliminate foreign invaders while maintaining tolerance to self-antigens.

Immune System Response

A pathogen is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host, disrupting normal physiological functions. These agents include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, each employing unique mechanisms to invade and damage host tissues.

Pathogen

Vaccination is a medical intervention that stimulates an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen, thereby preventing infectious diseases. It is a crucial public health tool that has led to the eradication and control of many life-threatening diseases worldwide.

Vaccination

Natural infection

Susceptibility to infections

Booster doses are additional vaccine doses given after the initial series to enhance or restore protection against a disease, which may wane over time. They are crucial in maintaining immunity, especially in the face of emerging variants and declining antibody levels.

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