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Concept
Material's electronic structure
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Concept
Electrical Conductivity
Electrical conductivity
is a
measure of a material's ability
to allow the
flow of an electric current
, which is determined by the
availability and mobility of
charge carriers
such as electrons or ions. It is a
critical property
in determining the
suitability of materials
for
applications in electronics
, energy transmission, and
electrochemical processes
.
Concept
Free Electrons
Free electrons
are electrons that are not
bound to an atom
and can
move freely through a material
, playing a crucial role in
electrical conductivity
. They are fundamental in understanding the
behavior of metals
and semiconductors, as they facilitate the
flow of electric current
when subjected to an
electric field
.
Concept
Ohm's Law
Ohm's Law
is a
fundamental principle in electronics
and
electrical engineering
that states the
current through a conductor
between two points is directly proportional to the
voltage across the two points
, provided the
temperature remains constant
. This relationship is mathematically expressed as V = IR, where
V is voltage
, I is current, and
R is resistance
.
Concept
Resistivity
Resistivity is a
fundamental property of materials
that quantifies how strongly a material opposes the
flow of electric current
. It is crucial in determining how materials are used in electrical and electronic applications, as it directly impacts the efficiency and
performance of devices
and systems.
Concept
Metallic Bonding
Metallic bonding
is a type of
chemical bonding
that arises from the
electrostatic attractive force
between
conduction electrons
and
positively charged metal ions
. This bonding is responsible for the
characteristic properties of metals
, such as
electrical conductivity
, malleability, and ductility.
Concept
Semiconductors
2
Semiconductors are materials with
electrical conductivity
between that of a conductor and an insulator, crucial for
modern electronics
. They are the foundation of
integrated circuits
and
devices like transistors
, enabling the miniaturization and
performance enhancement
of
electronic technologies
.
Concept
Superconductivity
Superconductivity is a
quantum mechanical phenomenon
where a material exhibits
zero electrical resistance
and
expulsion of magnetic fields
below a
critical temperature
. This allows for highly
efficient energy transmission
and
powerful magnetic applications
, but
practical use
is limited by the need for
extremely low temperatures
or
high pressures
.
Concept
Ionic Conductivity
Ionic conductivity
is a
measure of a material's ability to conduct electric current
through the
movement of ions
. It is a
crucial property
in applications such as batteries, fuel cells, and electrolytes, where
efficient ion transport
is essential for performance and efficiency.
Concept
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal conductivity
is a
material property
that indicates the
ability of a material to conduct heat
, playing a crucial role in determining how quickly heat can be transferred through a material. It is essential in applications ranging from
building insulation
to
electronic device cooling
, influencing
energy efficiency
and
thermal management strategies
.
Concept
Band Theory
Band theory
explains the
behavior of electrons
in solids by describing the allowed
energy levels
that electrons can occupy. It is crucial for understanding
electrical conductivity
, distinguishing between conductors, insulators, and semiconductors based on the presence and width of
energy bands
and
band gaps
.
Concept
Passive Stylus
A
passive stylus
is a
non-electronic pen-like tool
used to
interact with touchscreens
, relying on the
capacitive properties
of the
human body
to
register input
on devices. Unlike
active styluses
,
passive stylus
es lack any
internal electronics
or
pressure sensitivity
, making them more affordable but less precise for tasks requiring
fine detail
.
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