Leptons are a fundamental class of subatomic particles that do not undergo strong interactions, and they include electrons, muons, tau particles, and their corresponding neutrinos. They are essential in the Standard Model of particle physics, playing key roles in electromagnetic and weak interactions, with their properties helping to define the structure and behavior of matter in the universe.

Lepton

Leptons are fundamental particles that do not undergo strong interactions and are part of the Standard Model of particle physics. They include electrons, muons, tau particles, and their corresponding neutrinos, each having distinct properties such as mass and charge.

Leptons

fundamental class of subatomic particles

Strong interactions, also known as the strong nuclear force, are one of the four fundamental forces of nature, responsible for binding protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei. They are mediated by particles called gluons and operate over very short distances, overcoming the electromagnetic repulsion between positively charged protons.

strong interactions

Electrons are subatomic particles with a negative electric charge, fundamental to the structure of atoms and the flow of electricity. They play a crucial role in chemical bonding and are key to understanding quantum mechanics and electromagnetic interactions.

electrons

muons

tau particles

Neutrinos are nearly massless, electrically neutral subatomic particles that interact only via the weak nuclear force and gravity, making them incredibly difficult to detect. They are produced in vast quantities by nuclear reactions in stars, including our sun, and play a critical role in understanding fundamental processes in particle physics and cosmology.

neutrinos

The Standard Model of Particle Physics is a well-established theory that describes three of the four known fundamental forces in the universe and classifies all known subatomic particles. It successfully explains electromagnetic, weak, and strong nuclear interactions but does not incorporate gravity or account for dark matter and dark energy.

Standard Model of particle physics

Electromagnetic interactions are fundamental forces that occur between charged particles, mediated by the exchange of virtual photons. These interactions govern a wide range of phenomena including the behavior of atoms, the propagation of light, and the forces in electrical and magnetic fields.

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