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Death receptors are cell surface receptors that transmit apoptotic signals initiated by specific ligands, playing a crucial role in regulating programmed cell death. They are part of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and are essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis and immune system function.
Concept
Fas ligand is a transmembrane protein that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family and plays a critical role in inducing apoptosis, or programmed cell death, by binding to its receptor Fas (CD95) on the surface of target cells. This interaction is essential for maintaining immune system homeostasis and preventing autoimmune diseases by eliminating harmful or unnecessary cells, such as activated lymphocytes after an immune response.
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a key part of the immune system's response to infection and cancer. It plays a crucial role in cell signaling, leading to apoptosis, inflammation, and immune system regulation, and is a target for drugs treating autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease.
Caspase activation is a crucial step in the process of apoptosis, where specific proteases cleave cellular components to trigger programmed cell death. This activation is tightly regulated and can be initiated through intrinsic or extrinsic pathways, ensuring controlled cell turnover and preventing pathological conditions like cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Concept
The apoptosome is a multi-protein complex that plays a crucial role in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis by activating caspase-9, which subsequently activates executioner caspases leading to cell death. It is formed in response to cytochrome c release from mitochondria and involves the assembly of Apaf-1, cytochrome c, and dATP/ATP in the cytosol.
Concept
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Concept
A trail is a path or track laid down for walking, cycling, or other forms of travel, often through natural environments like forests, mountains, or parks. Trails can be used for recreational purposes, transportation, or as a means to explore and connect with nature, and they vary in difficulty, length, and accessibility.
Cell surface receptors are specialized proteins located on the cell membrane that bind to external molecules and initiate a cellular response, playing a crucial role in communication and signal transduction. These receptors are essential for processes such as immune response, neurotransmission, and hormone action, making them critical targets in drug development and therapeutic interventions.
Programmed cell death is a regulated process that enables organisms to remove unwanted or damaged cells in a controlled manner, crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and development. It encompasses various mechanisms, such as apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis, each playing distinct roles in health and disease.
Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal into a functional response, involving a series of molecular events typically initiated by the binding of a signaling molecule to a receptor. This process is crucial for cells to respond to their environment, regulate cellular activities, and maintain homeostasis.
Neuronal apoptosis is a programmed cell death process essential for the development and maintenance of the nervous system, ensuring the removal of damaged or unnecessary neurons. Dysregulation of this process is implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting its critical role in both normal brain function and pathology.
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