Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a key part of the immune system's response to infection and cancer. It plays a crucial role in cell signaling, leading to apoptosis, inflammation, and immune system regulation, and is a target for drugs treating autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease.

Tumor Necrosis Factor

Tumor necrosis factor

Cytokines are small proteins crucial for cell signaling, particularly in immune responses, where they help regulate the balance between humoral and cell-based immunity. They play a role in inflammation, infection response, and various diseases, making them critical targets for therapeutic interventions.

cytokine

Systemic inflammation is a body-wide inflammatory response that can be triggered by various factors such as infections, autoimmune disorders, or chronic diseases, leading to widespread tissue damage and contributing to the development of conditions like cardiovascular disease and diabetes. It involves the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines into the bloodstream, which can affect multiple organs and systems, often resulting in persistent health challenges if not properly managed.

systemic inflammation

The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against harmful pathogens and maintain overall health. It involves both innate and adaptive responses, which recognize and neutralize foreign invaders while also retaining memory for faster future responses.

immune system

response to infection

Response to cancer

Cell signaling is a complex communication process that governs basic cellular activities and coordinates cell actions, ensuring that cells respond appropriately to their environment. It involves the transmission of signals via signaling molecules, receptors, and intracellular pathways, ultimately leading to a physiological response.

cell signaling

Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that is crucial for maintaining tissue homeostasis and eliminating damaged or unnecessary cells. It involves a series of biochemical events leading to characteristic cell changes and death, which is essential for development and immune system function.

apoptosis

Inflammation is the body's complex biological response to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective attempt to remove the injurious stimuli and initiate the healing process. While acute inflammation is a vital part of the immune response, chronic inflammation can contribute to various diseases, including arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers.

inflammation

Immune system regulation involves a complex network of cells, signals, and pathways that maintain a balance between immune activation and suppression to protect against pathogens while preventing autoimmunity. Dysregulation in this system can lead to diseases such as allergies, autoimmune disorders, and immunodeficiencies.

immune system regulation

drugs treating autoimmune diseases

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder that primarily affects joints, leading to pain, swelling, and potential joint destruction. It is an autoimmune condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues, and early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to managing symptoms and preventing long-term damage.

rheumatoid arthritis

Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, leading to symptoms like abdominal pain, diarrhea, and malnutrition. While its exact cause is unknown, it involves an interplay of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors, and is managed through medication, lifestyle changes, and sometimes surgery.

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