Phase equilibria describe the balance between different phases of matter in a closed system at equilibrium, where the phases coexist without any net change over time. It is governed by variables such as temperature, pressure, and composition, and is crucial for understanding processes like distillation, crystallization, and the behavior of multi-component systems.

Phase Equilibria

Phase equilibria

different phases of matter

A closed system is a physical system that does not exchange matter with its surroundings but can exchange energy. It is often used in thermodynamics to simplify the analysis of energy transformations by focusing on energy exchanges only.

closed system

Equilibrium refers to a state where opposing forces or influences are balanced, resulting in a stable system. It is a fundamental concept across various disciplines, indicating a condition where variables remain constant over time unless disturbed by external factors.

equilibrium

net change over time

Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance, which determines how hot or cold that substance feels. It plays a critical role in various scientific disciplines, influencing physical states, chemical reactions, and biological processes.

temperature

Pressure is the force exerted per unit area on the surface of an object, which can arise from various sources such as gases, liquids, or solids. It plays a crucial role in numerous scientific and engineering applications, influencing phenomena ranging from weather patterns to the behavior of gases and liquids in different environments.

pressure

Composition refers to the arrangement and organization of elements within a work, whether in art, music, or writing, to create a harmonious and effective whole. It is foundational in guiding the viewer or reader’s experience and in conveying the intended message or emotion of the creator.

composition

Distillation is a separation process that utilizes differences in boiling points to separate components of a mixture into individual substances. It is widely used in both laboratory and industrial settings for purifying liquids or recovering solvents and essential oils from natural sources.

distillation

Crystallization is a process by which a solid forms from a solution, melt, or more rarely, from a gas, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized into a structure known as a crystal. This process is widely used in chemical engineering and materials science to purify substances and to grow crystals for various applications, including pharmaceuticals and electronics.

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