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Moral realism is the philosophical view that there are objective moral facts and values that exist independently of human beliefs or perceptions. It posits that moral statements can be true or false based on these objective standards, similar to factual claims about the physical world.
Moral Anti-Realism is the meta-ethical view that moral values and properties do not exist independently of human beliefs or perceptions, meaning there are no objective moral truths. This perspective challenges the idea of universal morality by suggesting that moral judgments are contingent on cultural, personal, or social factors.
Moral relativism is the philosophical view that moral judgments and values are not absolute but are instead shaped by cultural, historical, or personal circumstances. It challenges the notion of universal moral truths, suggesting that what is considered right or wrong can vary significantly across different societies and contexts.
Moral subjectivism posits that moral judgments and ethical statements are expressions of individual preferences or feelings, lacking objective truth. This view suggests that moral disagreements are ultimately about differing subjective attitudes rather than factual disputes.
Moral Objectivism is the philosophical stance asserting that certain moral truths exist independently of human beliefs or perceptions. It posits that these universal moral standards apply to all individuals regardless of culture, time, or personal perspective.
Moral Nihilism is the philosophical viewpoint that moral truths do not inherently exist, meaning that no action is objectively right or wrong. It challenges the foundation of ethical systems by denying the existence of universal moral values, suggesting that morality is a human construct without absolute grounding.
Moral Cognitivism is the meta-ethical view that moral statements express beliefs that can be true or false, thus subject to rational evaluation. It contrasts with non-cognitivism, which holds that moral statements are expressions of emotions or prescriptions without truth value.
Moral non-cognitivism is the meta-ethical view that moral statements do not express propositions or truths but rather emotional attitudes or prescriptions. It challenges the notion that moral discourse is about stating facts, suggesting instead that it functions to express feelings or commands.
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Emotivism is a meta-ethical view that suggests moral statements do not convey objective truths but rather express the speaker's emotions or attitudes. It implies that moral disagreements are not about facts but are instead conflicts of emotional responses or preferences.
Prescriptivism is a linguistic approach that advocates for rules and norms in language usage, often emphasizing correctness and standardization. It contrasts with descriptivism, which seeks to describe language as it is naturally used, without imposing judgments about right or wrong usage.
Moral semantics explores how moral language conveys meaning, distinguishing between descriptive and prescriptive uses of moral terms. It examines the ways in which moral statements can be understood to express facts, emotions, commands, or social conventions, thereby influencing ethical reasoning and debate.
Moral epistemology is the branch of philosophy that examines the nature, scope, and origin of moral knowledge, questioning how we come to know moral truths and the justification of moral beliefs. It explores the relationship between moral facts and our cognitive faculties, often intersecting with debates in metaethics and normative ethics.
Moral psychology is the study of how humans think and feel about moral issues, encompassing the cognitive processes, emotions, and social factors that influence ethical behavior. It bridges philosophy and psychology to understand how moral reasoning develops and how it affects decision-making and interpersonal relationships.
Moral naturalism is the metaethical view that moral properties and facts are reducible to natural properties and facts, often understood through scientific or empirical means. It suggests that moral truths can be observed and studied similarly to other natural phenomena, bridging the gap between ethical theory and the natural sciences.
Moral Non-Naturalism is the meta-ethical view that moral properties and facts are not reducible to natural properties and facts, suggesting that moral truths exist independently of human perception or scientific explanation. It posits that moral knowledge is accessible through intuition or rational insight, rather than empirical observation.
Supervenience is a philosophical concept where a set of properties A supervenes on another set of properties B if any change in A necessarily implies a change in B, but not vice versa. It is often used to describe the relationship between mental and physical states, suggesting that mental properties depend on, but are not reducible to, physical properties.
Normative uncertainty refers to the state of being unsure about what moral or ethical principles one should follow when making decisions. It involves uncertainty not just about empirical facts but about the moral frameworks or values that should guide one's actions.
Normativity refers to the phenomenon of standards or norms that guide, evaluate, or prescribe behaviors, actions, and beliefs, often implying a sense of obligation or correctness. It is central to discussions in ethics, law, and epistemology, as it addresses questions about what ought to be rather than what is.
Normative reasoning involves evaluating actions, decisions, or policies based on norms or standards of what ought to be, rather than merely describing what is. It is central to ethics, law, and political philosophy, guiding how individuals and societies determine the rightness or wrongness of behaviors and policies.
Ethical propositions are statements that assert what is morally right or wrong, good or bad, within a specific context or universally. They serve as the foundation for ethical reasoning and decision-making, guiding individuals and societies in evaluating actions and behaviors.
Ethical statements are expressions that assert the moral value, obligation, or desirability of actions, decisions, or states of affairs, serving as a foundation for ethical reasoning and debate. They are central to moral philosophy, guiding individuals and societies in distinguishing right from wrong and in making informed ethical decisions.
Philosophical ethics investigates the principles of right and wrong behavior, addressing the nature of morality and the criteria for evaluating human actions. It provides a framework for understanding human values and serves as the foundation for moral reasoning and decision-making in various areas of life.
Theological Voluntarism is a doctrine in philosophy of religion which asserts that moral values and duties are grounded in the will or commands of God, and thus, morality is dependent on divine volition. It often leads to discussions about the nature of divine goodness and challenges such as the Euthyphro Dilemma, concerning whether something is good because God commands it or if God commands it because it is good.
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