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Context-Free Grammar (CFG) is a formal system used to define the syntax of programming languages and natural languages, characterized by production rules that replace a single non-terminal symbol with a string of non-terminal and terminal symbols. CFGs are powerful enough to describe many language constructs while allowing efficient parsing algorithms, making them essential in compiler design and language processing.
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Chomsky Normal Form (CNF) is a standardized form of context-free grammars where each production rule is either of the form A → BC or A → a, with A, B, and C being non-terminal symbols and a being a terminal symbol. This form simplifies the parsing process and is particularly useful for algorithms like the CYK algorithm, which checks membership of strings in context-free languages.
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Greibach Normal Form is a specific way of structuring context-free grammars where every production rule starts with a terminal symbol followed by any number of non-terminal symbols. This form is particularly useful for simplifying the parsing process of context-free languages, making it easier to analyze and understand their structure.
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A parse tree is a hierarchical structure that represents the syntactic structure of a string according to a formal grammar. It is used in computing to analyze the syntax of programming languages and natural languages, ensuring that the input conforms to the rules defined by the grammar.
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Syntax analysis, also known as parsing, is the process of analyzing a sequence of tokens to determine its grammatical structure with respect to a given formal grammar. It is a crucial step in compiling, as it transforms the linear sequence of tokens into a hierarchical structure, often represented as a parse tree, which is easier for further processing such as semantic analysis and code generation.
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Compiler design is the process of creating software that translates high-level programming languages into machine code that a computer's processor can execute. It involves multiple stages including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, optimization, and code generation, each critical for ensuring the correctness and efficiency of the resulting program.
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Formal Language Theory is a branch of theoretical computer science and mathematics that focuses on the study of syntax and structure of languages, particularly those that can be defined by formal grammars. It is foundational for understanding computational linguistics, automata theory, and the development of programming languages.
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Natural language processing (NLP) is a field at the intersection of computer science, artificial intelligence, and linguistics, focused on enabling computers to understand, interpret, and generate human language. It encompasses a wide range of applications, from speech recognition and sentiment analysis to machine translation and conversational agents, leveraging techniques like machine learning and deep learning to improve accuracy and efficiency.
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Backus-Naur Form (BNF) is a formal notation used to describe the syntax of programming languages, providing a way to express context-free grammars. It serves as a foundational tool in computer science for designing and analyzing language syntax, enabling clear and precise specification of language rules.
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Ambiguity resolution is the process of clarifying uncertain or unclear information to reach a definitive understanding or interpretation. It is crucial in fields like linguistics, navigation, and data processing, where precision and accuracy are essential for effective communication and decision-making.
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Left recursion occurs in a grammar when a non-terminal symbol can be rewritten in such a way that it eventually leads back to itself on the left side of a production rule, causing issues in top-down parsers like recursive descent parsers. To handle Left recursion, grammars often need to be transformed into an equivalent form that eliminates the left-recursive structures, enabling efficient parsing.
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A Recursive Descent Parser is a top-down parser built from a set of mutually recursive procedures, where each procedure implements one of the non-terminals of the grammar. It is simple to implement and understand but can struggle with left-recursive grammars unless they are transformed or eliminated.
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Left-recursive grammar is a type of context-free grammar where one or more productions have a non-terminal symbol that can be rewritten as itself, potentially causing infinite recursion in top-down parsers. This issue is typically resolved by transforming the grammar to eliminate left recursion, enabling efficient parsing by algorithms like LL parsers.
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