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Concept
Contour Lines
Contour lines
are used in
topographic maps
to represent the elevation and
shape of the terrain
. Each line connects
points of equal elevation
, allowing for the
visualization of the landscape
's
three-dimensional form
on a
two-dimensional surface
.
Relevant Fields:
Cartography 60%
Geomorphology 30%
Kinds and Techniques of Geographical Exploration 10%
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Concept
Hydrogenation
Hydrogenation is a
chemical reaction
that involves the
addition of hydrogen
to
unsaturated bonds
, typically in the presence of a catalyst, to convert them into
saturated compounds
. This process is widely used in the
food industry
to
solidify oils
and in the
chemical industry
to
produce various compounds
, including fuels and pharmaceuticals.
Concept
Desulfurization
Desulfurization is a
chemical process
used to remove
sulfur compounds
from fuels and
industrial emissions
to prevent
environmental pollution
and
equipment corrosion
. It plays a crucial role in reducing
sulfur dioxide emissions
, a major contributor to
acid rain
, and is essential for meeting stringent
environmental regulations
.
Concept
Catalysis
Catalysis is a process that increases the rate of a
chemical reaction
by lowering the
activation energy
required, without being consumed in the reaction. Catalysts are crucial in both
industrial applications
and
biological systems
, enabling more efficient and
sustainable chemical processes
.
Concept
Refining
Refining is a
process of purification
where
raw materials
are transformed into a more usable or
valuable form
, often by
removing impurities
or
unwanted elements
. It is a
critical step
in industries such as oil, metals, and sugar, where it enhances the quality and
utility of the final product
.
Concept
Petroleum
Concept
Hydrocracking
Hydrocracking is a
catalytic chemical process
used in
petroleum refineries
to convert
heavy oil fractions
into lighter, more
valuable products
like gasoline and diesel. It combines hydrogenation and cracking, using
high pressure
and temperature to break
large hydrocarbon molecules
into smaller, more useful ones while saturating them with hydrogen to
improve quality
and stability.
Concept
Chemical Reactions
1
Chemical reactions
involve the
transformation of substances
through the
breaking and forming of chemical bonds
, resulting in the
conversion of reactants into products
. These reactions are governed by the
principles of thermodynamics
and kinetics, which dictate the feasibility and rate of these transformations.
Concept
Hydrotreating
Hydrotreating is a critical
refinery process
that removes impurities such as sulfur, nitrogen, and metals from
petroleum fractions
through the
addition of hydrogen
in the
presence of a catalyst
. This process not only enhances the quality of the fuel but also reduces emissions, making it essential for producing
cleaner fuels
that meet
environmental regulations
.
3