Androgens are a group of hormones that play a crucial role in male traits and reproductive activity, with testosterone being the most well-known. They are also present in females and influence various bodily functions, including muscle and bone mass, behavior, and metabolism.
Steroidogenesis is the biological process by which steroids are generated from cholesterol and transformed into other steroids. This process occurs primarily in the adrenal glands and gonads, and is crucial for the production of hormones like cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen.
Sex differentiation is the biological process that leads to the development of sexual characteristics in an organism, typically involving genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. It is crucial for the formation of male and female phenotypes, starting with the genetic determination at fertilization and proceeding through a series of developmental stages influenced by sex chromosomes and hormones.
Sebaceous glands are microscopic exocrine glands in the skin that secrete an oily substance called sebum, which helps to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. They are typically associated with hair follicles and play a crucial role in maintaining skin health, but can contribute to acne when they become overactive or blocked.
The male phenotype refers to the observable characteristics and traits associated with male individuals, influenced by genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. It includes physical attributes, reproductive anatomy, and secondary sexual characteristics, primarily determined by the presence of the Y chromosome and testosterone levels.
Adrenarche is a developmental phase occurring typically between ages 6 and 8, characterized by the maturation of the adrenal glands and increased secretion of androgens, particularly dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate (DHEAS). This process is distinct from puberty and is responsible for the early physical changes often associated with the onset of puberty, such as body odor and development of pubic hair.
The adrenal cortex is the outer region of the adrenal glands, responsible for producing steroid hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens, which regulate metabolism, immune response, blood pressure, and other essential physiological functions. It plays a critical role in the body's response to stress and maintaining homeostasis by modulating the balance of water, sodium, and potassium in the body.