ADP-ribosylation is a post-translational modification process where ADP-ribose molecules are added to proteins, altering their function, and is crucial for various cellular processes including DNA repair, cell signaling, and apoptosis. This modification can be catalyzed by enzymes such as PARPs and sirtuins, and its deregulation is linked to diseases like cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.

ADP-ribosylation

Post-translational modification process

ADP-ribose molecules

Proteins are complex macromolecules essential for various biological functions, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, and transporting molecules. They are composed of amino acids linked in a specific sequence, which determines their structure and function.

Proteins

Cellular processes are the complex series of biochemical reactions and mechanisms that occur within living cells, enabling them to grow, reproduce, respond to stimuli, and maintain homeostasis. Understanding these processes is crucial for insights into cell function, disease mechanisms, and the development of medical and biotechnological applications.

Cellular Processes

DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to its DNA molecules, ensuring genomic stability and preventing mutations that could lead to diseases like cancer. These mechanisms are vital for maintaining the integrity of genetic information and involve a variety of pathways that address different types of DNA damage.

DNA Repair

Cell signaling is a complex communication process that governs basic cellular activities and coordinates cell actions, ensuring that cells respond appropriately to their environment. It involves the transmission of signals via signaling molecules, receptors, and intracellular pathways, ultimately leading to a physiological response.

Cell Signaling

Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that is crucial for maintaining tissue homeostasis and eliminating damaged or unnecessary cells. It involves a series of biochemical events leading to characteristic cell changes and death, which is essential for development and immune system function.

Apoptosis

Modification refers to the process of making changes to something, often to improve it or adapt it to new conditions. It is a fundamental concept across various fields, including biology, engineering, and law, where it involves altering existing structures, systems, or behaviors to achieve desired outcomes.

Modification

Catalyzed by enzymes

PARPs

Sirtuins are a family of NAD+-dependent enzymes that play a crucial role in regulating cellular health, aging, and metabolism by deacetylating proteins that contribute to cellular regulation. They are implicated in extending lifespan in various organisms and are a focus of research for their potential in treating age-related diseases and metabolic disorders.

Sirtuins

Deregulation involves the removal or simplification of government rules and regulations that constrain the operation of market forces, typically to enhance efficiency and encourage competition. While it can lead to increased innovation and lower costs, it may also result in reduced consumer protection and increased risk of market failures.

Deregulation

Diseases

Cancer is a complex group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. It arises from genetic mutations and environmental factors, making early detection and treatment crucial for improving survival rates.

Cancer

Neurodegenerative disorders are a group of diseases characterized by the progressive degeneration of the structure and function of the nervous system, leading to symptoms such as memory loss, movement disorders, and cognitive decline. These disorders, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease, are often linked to genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, and currently have no cure, making early diagnosis and management crucial to improving patient outcomes.

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