X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) is a surface-sensitive quantitative spectroscopic technique that measures the elemental composition, empirical formula, chemical state, and electronic state of the elements within a material. It works by irradiating a material with X-rays and measuring the kinetic energy and number of electrons that escape from the top 1-10 nm of the material's surface.

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

surface-sensitive quantitative spectroscopic technique

Elemental composition refers to the proportion of different chemical elements present in a substance, which determines its physical and chemical properties. Understanding elemental composition is crucial for applications in chemistry, materials science, and environmental studies, as it influences reactivity, stability, and functionality.

elemental composition

The empirical formula of a compound represents the simplest whole-number ratio of the elements present in the compound. It provides insight into the composition but not the actual number of atoms or the structure of the compound.

empirical formula

chemical state

electronic state

irradiating a material with X-rays

Kinetic energy is the energy possessed by an object due to its motion, and it is directly proportional to the mass of the object and the square of its velocity. This form of energy is a fundamental concept in physics, playing a crucial role in understanding the dynamics of systems and the conservation of energy principle.

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