Water hammer is a pressure surge or wave resulting when a fluid in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly, causing a shockwave that can damage pipes and components. It is commonly encountered in plumbing systems when valves close abruptly, and can be mitigated by using air chambers or pressure relief valves.

Water Hammer

Water hammer

Pressure surge, also known as water hammer, is a phenomenon that occurs when a fluid in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly, causing a pressure wave within the system. This can lead to significant damage to pipelines and equipment if not properly managed through design and operational strategies.

pressure surge

A pressure wave is a type of mechanical wave that propagates through a medium via the oscillation of particles, transferring energy without the permanent displacement of the medium itself. Commonly associated with sound waves in air, pressure waves can occur in any state of matter and are characterized by regions of compression and rarefaction.

Pressure Wave

fluid in motion

A shockwave is a type of propagating disturbance characterized by an abrupt, nearly discontinuous change in pressure, temperature, and density of the medium through which it travels, often resulting from supersonic motion or explosive events. These phenomena are crucial in fields ranging from astrophysics to engineering, influencing the design of vehicles and structures that must withstand high-speed impacts or explosive forces.

shockwave

Damaged pipes

Plumbing systems are essential infrastructure in buildings that manage the distribution of potable water and the removal of waste water. They include a network of pipes, fixtures, valves, and drains that ensure efficient and safe water usage and disposal.

plumbing systems

Valves are mechanical devices that control the flow and pressure of fluids within a system by opening, closing, or partially obstructing passageways. They are essential in various industries for regulating processes, ensuring safety, and maintaining optimal system performance.

valves

Air chambers are devices used in fluid systems to absorb shock and reduce pressure fluctuations, preventing damage to pipes and equipment. They work by providing a cushion of compressed air that absorbs the energy of water hammer, a common hydraulic phenomenon in piping systems.

air chambers

Pressure relief valves are crucial safety devices designed to protect equipment and systems from overpressure conditions by releasing excess pressure. They automatically open at a predetermined set pressure, ensuring the system operates within safe limits, preventing potential damage or catastrophic failure.

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