V1, VR, and V2 speeds are critical takeoff performance parameters in aviation: V1 is the decision speed beyond which a takeoff should no longer be aborted, VR is the speed at which the pilot should begin to rotate the aircraft for liftoff, and V2 is the minimum safe climb speed to be achieved shortly after takeoff in case of engine failure. Proper calculation and adherence to these speeds are essential for safe and efficient aircraft operations, particularly during the crucial takeoff phase.