Solar variability refers to the changes in the sun's energy output, which can influence the Earth's climate and space weather. These variations occur over multiple timescales, from the 11-year solar cycle to longer-term changes, impacting atmospheric conditions and technological systems on Earth.

Solar Variability

Solar variability

changes in the sun's energy output

Earth's climate is a complex system influenced by various natural and human-induced factors, resulting in a dynamic environment that affects global ecosystems and human societies. Understanding the climate requires studying atmospheric patterns, ocean currents, and the balance of energy entering and leaving the planet, as these are pivotal in predicting changes and impacts of climate variability and change.

Earth's climate

Space weather refers to the environmental conditions in space as influenced by the Sun and the solar wind, which can affect space-borne and ground-based technological systems and human health. Understanding and forecasting space weather is crucial for mitigating its adverse effects on satellite operations, communication systems, navigation, and power grids on Earth.

space weather

11-year solar cycle

longer-term changes

Atmospheric conditions refer to the state of the atmosphere at a specific time and place, encompassing various elements like temperature, humidity, wind, and air pressure. These conditions are crucial for understanding weather patterns, climate change, and their impacts on ecosystems and human activities.

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