Single-molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) is a powerful technique that enables the study of molecular interactions and conformational changes at the single-molecule level, offering deep insights into dynamic biological processes. By observing energy transfer between two fluorescent dyes, researchers can infer distances and dynamics within complex biomolecular systems, providing unparalleled resolution and sensitivity compared to bulk measurements.

Single-molecule FRET

Single-molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

SmFRET

Molecular interactions are the forces that act between molecules and dictate the structure, dynamics, and function of biological systems. These interactions include various types of forces, such as hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions, each playing a crucial role in processes like protein folding, enzyme activity, and cellular signaling.

Molecular Interactions

Conformational changes refer to the dynamic alterations in the shape or structure of molecules, particularly proteins and nucleic acids, which are crucial for their function. These changes can be triggered by interactions with other molecules, changes in the environment, or the binding of ligands, enabling the molecule to perform specific biological roles.

Conformational Changes

Single-molecule level

Dynamic biological processes

Energy transfer is the process by which energy moves from one system or object to another, often changing form in the process. This fundamental concept is crucial for understanding various physical phenomena, from biological processes to mechanical systems and thermodynamics.

Energy Transfer

Fluorescent dyes are compounds that absorb light at a specific wavelength and emit it at a longer wavelength, making them invaluable in a variety of applications including biological imaging and diagnostics. Their ability to provide high sensitivity and specificity underpins their use in techniques such as fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry.

Fluorescent Dyes

Distances and dynamics

Complex biomolecular systems

Unparalleled resolution

Sensitivity refers to the ability of a system or individual to detect or respond to subtle changes, signals, or stimuli in their environment. It is a critical parameter in fields like medicine, psychology, and engineering, where it influences diagnostics, perception, and system performance.

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