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Segregation laws, often referred to as 'Jim Crow laws' in the United States, were state and local statutes that enforced racial segregation and discrimination primarily against African Americans from the late 19th century until the mid-20th century. These laws institutionalized a system of inequality and disenfranchisement, affecting various aspects of life including education, employment, housing, and voting rights, and were eventually dismantled through civil rights activism and landmark legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Jim Crow laws were state and local statutes in the United States that enforced racial segregation and disenfranchised African Americans from the late 19th century until the mid-20th century. These laws institutionalized a range of economic, educational, and social disadvantages for African Americans, reinforcing a system of white supremacy and inequality.
The Civil Rights Movement was a pivotal series of events and efforts in the United States during the mid-20th century aimed at ending racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans, leading to significant legal and social changes. It was marked by major campaigns of civil resistance, nonviolent protests, and landmark legislation such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Disenfranchisement refers to the revocation of the right to vote, often affecting marginalized groups and impacting democratic representation. It can result from legal restrictions, systemic barriers, or social factors, leading to significant political and social consequences.
Plessy v. Ferguson was a landmark 1896 Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine, legitimizing state laws re-establishing racial discrimination. This decision entrenched systemic racism and was not overturned until the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education ruling, which found that 'separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.'
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark U.S. legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, significantly advancing Civil Rights and social justice. It played a crucial role in ending segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination, laying the groundwork for future equality measures.
Institutional racism refers to the systemic policies and practices within institutions that perpetuate racial inequalities, often without overtly discriminatory intent. It manifests in areas like education, criminal justice, and employment, creating barriers for marginalized racial groups and sustaining societal inequities.
Active segregation refers to the deliberate and systematic separation of groups based on characteristics such as race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status, often enforced through policies or social practices. This process not only reinforces inequality and social division but also perpetuates disparities in access to resources, opportunities, and rights.
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