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Concept
Body Mass Index
Body Mass Index
(BMI) is a
numerical value
derived from an
individual's weight
and height, used to categorize them into different
weight status categories
such as underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity. Although widely used for
population-level assessments
, BMI does not account for
muscle mass
,
bone density
, and
overall body composition
, which can limit its
accuracy for individual health assessments
.
Concept
Visceral Fat
Visceral fat
is a type of
body fat
stored within the
abdominal cavity
, surrounding important
internal organs
such as the liver, pancreas, and intestines. It is considered more dangerous than
subcutaneous fat
due to its association with increased risks of
metabolic disorders
,
cardiovascular diseases
, and
type 2 diabetes
.
Concept
Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease
encompasses a range of
heart and blood vessel disorders
, including
coronary artery disease
, heart failure, and hypertension, which are leading causes of
morbidity and mortality
worldwide.
Prevention and management
focus on
lifestyle modifications
, medication, and sometimes
surgical interventions
to
reduce risk factors
and
improve heart health
.
Concept
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus
is a
chronic metabolic disorder
characterized by
elevated blood glucose levels
due to
insulin deficiency
or resistance, leading to various
health complications
if not managed properly. It encompasses several types, primarily Type 1, Type 2, and
gestational diabetes
, each with distinct
pathophysiological mechanisms
and
management strategies
.
Concept
Anthropometry
Anthropometry is the
scientific study
of the
measurements and proportions
of the
human body
, which is crucial for
applications in ergonomics
, clothing design, and
health assessments
. It provides a basis for understanding
human physical variation
and is used to
optimize products
and
environments for human use
.
Concept
Obesity
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Obesity is a complex,
multifactorial disease
characterized by
excessive body fat accumulation
that poses significant risks to health, including increased likelihood of
chronic conditions
such as
heart disease
, diabetes, and
certain cancers
. It results from a combination of genetic, behavioral, environmental, and
metabolic factors
, making
prevention and management
challenging and necessitating a comprehensive approach involving
lifestyle changes
,
medical interventions
, and
public health policies
.
Concept
Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome
is a
cluster of conditions
that occur together, increasing the risk of
heart disease
, stroke, and
type 2 diabetes
. It is characterized by a combination of
high blood pressure
,
high blood sugar
,
excess body fat around the waist
, and
abnormal cholesterol
or
triglyceride levels
.
Concept
Waist-to-hip Ratio
Waist-to-hip ratio
(WHR) is a
measurement used to assess the distribution of body fat
and is a strong
indicator of health risks
associated with obesity, such as
cardiovascular disease
and
type 2 diabetes
. It is
calculated by dividing the circumference of the waist by that of the hips
, with
higher ratios indicating a higher risk of health complications
.
Concept
Adiposity
Adiposity refers to the
condition of being overweight
or having an
excessive accumulation of body fat
, which is a significant risk factor for various health issues such as
cardiovascular diseases
, diabetes, and
certain cancers
. Understanding adiposity involves exploring its causes, measurement methods, and
implications for health
, as well as
strategies for prevention
and management.
Concept
Insulin Resistance
Insulin resistance
is a
physiological condition
where cells in the body become less responsive to the hormone insulin, leading to elevated
blood glucose levels
and often serving as a precursor to
type 2 diabetes
. It is influenced by factors such as genetics, obesity,
physical inactivity
, and can be mitigated through
lifestyle changes
and
medical interventions
.
Concept
Fetal Weight Estimation
Fetal weight estimation
is a crucial aspect of
prenatal care
, providing valuable information for
managing pregnancies
and
planning deliveries
, especially in cases of suspected
fetal growth restriction
or macrosomia. It is typically performed using
ultrasound measurements
and
mathematical models
, though accuracy can vary depending on factors like
gestational age
and
fetal position
.
Concept
Ultrasound Biometry
Ultrasound biometry
is a critical
diagnostic tool
in obstetrics and ophthalmology, allowing for precise measurement of
fetal growth parameters
and
ocular structures
. By utilizing
high-frequency sound waves
, it provides non-invasive,
real-time imaging
that aids in the assessment of
developmental progress
and identification of
potential abnormalities
.
Concept
Hadlock Formula
The
Hadlock formula
is a
mathematical model
used in obstetrics to estimate
fetal weight
based on
ultrasound measurements
. It utilizes parameters such as
head circumference
, abdominal circumference, and
femur length
to provide a
non-invasive method
for assessing
fetal growth
and development.
Concept
Fetal Biometry
Fetal biometry
is the
ultrasound measurement
of
fetal size
and growth, which is crucial for assessing
fetal health
and development during pregnancy. It involves measuring specific
anatomical structures
to estimate
gestational age
, detect
growth abnormalities
, and guide
clinical decisions
.
Concept
Estimated Fetal Weight
Estimated Fetal Weight
(EFW) is a
crucial metric
used in
obstetric care
to assess
fetal growth
and well-being, guiding
clinical decisions
regarding the
timing and mode of delivery
. It is typically calculated using
ultrasound measurements
, taking into account parameters like
head circumference
, abdominal circumference, and
femur length
to predict
potential complications
such as
intrauterine growth restriction
or macrosomia.
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