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Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from an individual's weight and height, used to categorize them into different weight status categories such as underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity. Although widely used for population-level assessments, BMI does not account for muscle mass, bone density, and overall body composition, which can limit its accuracy for individual health assessments.
Visceral fat is a type of body fat stored within the abdominal cavity, surrounding important internal organs such as the liver, pancreas, and intestines. It is considered more dangerous than subcutaneous fat due to its association with increased risks of metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes.
Cardiovascular disease encompasses a range of heart and blood vessel disorders, including coronary artery disease, heart failure, and hypertension, which are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Prevention and management focus on lifestyle modifications, medication, and sometimes surgical interventions to reduce risk factors and improve heart health.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to insulin deficiency or resistance, leading to various health complications if not managed properly. It encompasses several types, primarily Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes, each with distinct pathophysiological mechanisms and management strategies.
Anthropometry is the scientific study of the measurements and proportions of the human body, which is crucial for applications in ergonomics, clothing design, and health assessments. It provides a basis for understanding human physical variation and is used to optimize products and environments for human use.

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Obesity is a complex, multifactorial disease characterized by excessive body fat accumulation that poses significant risks to health, including increased likelihood of chronic conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. It results from a combination of genetic, behavioral, environmental, and metabolic factors, making prevention and management challenging and necessitating a comprehensive approach involving lifestyle changes, medical interventions, and public health policies.
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that occur together, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. It is characterized by a combination of high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels.
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Adiposity refers to the condition of being overweight or having an excessive accumulation of body fat, which is a significant risk factor for various health issues such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and certain cancers. Understanding adiposity involves exploring its causes, measurement methods, and implications for health, as well as strategies for prevention and management.
Insulin resistance is a physiological condition where cells in the body become less responsive to the hormone insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels and often serving as a precursor to type 2 diabetes. It is influenced by factors such as genetics, obesity, physical inactivity, and can be mitigated through lifestyle changes and medical interventions.
Fetal weight estimation is a crucial aspect of prenatal care, providing valuable information for managing pregnancies and planning deliveries, especially in cases of suspected fetal growth restriction or macrosomia. It is typically performed using ultrasound measurements and mathematical models, though accuracy can vary depending on factors like gestational age and fetal position.
Ultrasound biometry is a critical diagnostic tool in obstetrics and ophthalmology, allowing for precise measurement of fetal growth parameters and ocular structures. By utilizing high-frequency sound waves, it provides non-invasive, real-time imaging that aids in the assessment of developmental progress and identification of potential abnormalities.
The Hadlock formula is a mathematical model used in obstetrics to estimate fetal weight based on ultrasound measurements. It utilizes parameters such as head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length to provide a non-invasive method for assessing fetal growth and development.
Fetal biometry is the ultrasound measurement of fetal size and growth, which is crucial for assessing fetal health and development during pregnancy. It involves measuring specific anatomical structures to estimate gestational age, detect growth abnormalities, and guide clinical decisions.
Estimated Fetal Weight (EFW) is a crucial metric used in obstetric care to assess fetal growth and well-being, guiding clinical decisions regarding the timing and mode of delivery. It is typically calculated using ultrasound measurements, taking into account parameters like head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length to predict potential complications such as intrauterine growth restriction or macrosomia.
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