Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a condition characterized by the narrowing or blockage of the coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle and potentially resulting in angina, heart attacks, or heart failure. It is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, influenced by risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes, and is managed through lifestyle changes, medications, and sometimes surgical interventions.