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Dual-Coding Theory posits that human cognition is supported by two distinct systems: one for verbal information and another for non-verbal information, such as images. This theory suggests that learning is more effective when information is presented through both verbal and visual channels, as it enhances memory and understanding by engaging both cognitive systems.
Cognitive Load Theory suggests that learning is hindered when the working memory is overwhelmed by too much information at once, emphasizing the need to design instructional materials that optimize cognitive processing. It differentiates between intrinsic, extraneous, and Germane Cognitive Loads to enhance learning efficiency and retention.
The Multimedia Principle suggests that people learn more effectively from words and pictures than from words alone, leveraging the dual channels of visual and auditory information processing. This principle is foundational in instructional design, emphasizing the integration of complementary visual and textual content to enhance comprehension and retention.
The Modality Principle suggests that learning is more effective when information is presented through both visual and auditory channels rather than through visual channels alone. This principle is grounded in cognitive load theory, emphasizing the limitations of working memory and the benefits of dual-channel processing.
The Redundancy Principle suggests that learning is hindered when learners are presented with redundant information, such as the same content in both text and audio simultaneously. This principle is crucial in instructional design, emphasizing the need to eliminate unnecessary information to enhance cognitive processing and focus on essential content.
The Coherence Principle suggests that learning is more effective when extraneous material is excluded from instructional content, as unnecessary information can distract learners and overload cognitive processing. By focusing on essential elements, this principle helps maintain learners' attention and enhances comprehension and retention of the core material.
The Segmenting Principle suggests that learning is enhanced when information is broken down into manageable segments, allowing learners to process and understand each part before moving on to the next. This approach reduces cognitive overload and helps in building a more coherent understanding of complex information.
The Pre-training Principle involves training a model on a large dataset to learn general features before fine-tuning it on a smaller, task-specific dataset. This approach leverages transfer learning to improve performance and reduce computational costs by utilizing the knowledge acquired during the pre-training phase.
The Personalization Principle suggests that learning is more effective when information is presented in a conversational style rather than a formal one, as it fosters a sense of social presence and engagement. This principle is grounded in the idea that personalized communication can make the material more relatable and easier to understand for learners.
The Contiguity Principle in multimedia learning suggests that people learn better when corresponding words and pictures are presented close to each other in time or space. This principle emphasizes the importance of aligning verbal and visual information to enhance understanding and retention by reducing cognitive load.
Dual Coding Theory posits that the human mind processes information through two distinct channels: verbal and non-verbal, which work together to enhance learning and memory retention. By integrating both visual and verbal stimuli, individuals can form more robust cognitive connections, leading to improved comprehension and recall.
Spatial contiguity refers to the principle that learning is enhanced when related information is presented together in space, minimizing the cognitive load required to integrate separate pieces of information. This concept is crucial in instructional design, particularly in multimedia learning environments, where aligning text and visuals can significantly improve comprehension and retention.
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