Governance effectiveness refers to the capacity of a governing body to make and implement decisions that achieve desired outcomes efficiently and equitably. It hinges on the balance between authority, accountability, and the ability to respond to the needs and aspirations of the governed.
Party factionalism refers to the existence of sub-groups within a political party that hold distinct ideologies or interests, often leading to internal conflict and affecting the party's unity and decision-making processes. This phenomenon can influence policy outcomes, party leadership contests, and electoral strategies, ultimately impacting the party's public image and effectiveness.