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Synaptic transmission is the process by which neurons communicate with each other through the release and reception of neurotransmitters across a synapse. This fundamental mechanism underlies all neural activity and is essential for brain function, including learning, memory, and behavior.
An action potential is a rapid, temporary change in the electrical membrane potential of a neuron or muscle cell, allowing it to transmit signals over long distances. This process involves the sequential opening and closing of voltage-gated ion channels, resulting in depolarization and repolarization of the cell membrane.
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses from one neuron to another, playing a crucial role in shaping everyday functions and behaviors. They influence a wide range of physical and psychological processes, including mood, sleep, and cognition, and imbalances can lead to various neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Concept
A neuron is a specialized cell in the nervous system responsible for transmitting information through electrical and chemical signals, forming the basis of all neural communication. Neurons consist of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon, which work together to receive, process, and send signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands.
The central nervous system (CNS) is the primary control center for the body, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and it processes and coordinates sensory information and responses. It plays a crucial role in regulating bodily functions, cognition, and behavior, making it essential for survival and adaptation to the environment.
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the central nervous system (CNS) to the limbs and organs, serving as a communication relay between the brain/spinal cord and the rest of the body. It is crucial for voluntary and inVoluntary Actions, encompassing sensory and motor neurons that facilitate sensation, movement, and autonomic functions.
Sensory pathways are the neural routes that carry sensory information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system, allowing organisms to perceive and respond to their environment. These pathways involve a series of neurons, synapses, and neurotransmitters that process and transmit signals related to various senses such as vision, hearing, taste, touch, and smell.
Motor pathways are neural routes that transmit signals from the brain to the muscles to initiate and control voluntary movements. They are primarily divided into the pyramidal and extraPyramidal Systems, each playing a crucial role in fine-tuning and executing motor functions.
Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal into a functional response, involving a series of molecular events typically initiated by the binding of a signaling molecule to a receptor. This process is crucial for cells to respond to their environment, regulate cellular activities, and maintain homeostasis.
Tertiary neurons are part of the sensory pathway that relay information from secondary neurons to the cerebral cortex, playing a crucial role in processing sensory inputs such as touch, temperature, and pain. They are typically located in the thalamus, where they act as a final relay station before the sensory information reaches the cortical areas for perception and interpretation.
The Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN) is a crucial relay station in the auditory pathway, located in the thalamus, which processes and transmits auditory information from the inner ear to the auditory cortex. It plays a significant role in the perception of sound, including aspects like frequency, intensity, and temporal patterns, influencing auditory attention and learning.
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