Natural evolution is the process by which populations of organisms change over generations through mechanisms such as natural selection, mutation, and genetic drift, leading to the diversity of life forms observed today. It is a fundamental concept in biology that explains how complex traits and species arise and adapt in response to environmental pressures.
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species, often through mechanisms such as geographic isolation, genetic divergence, and reproductive isolation. This process is fundamental to biodiversity, as it leads to the formation of new species and the diversification of life on Earth.
Variation refers to the differences or deviations in characteristics among individuals or groups, often within a specific population or dataset. It is a fundamental concept in fields such as biology, statistics, and economics, where it helps in understanding diversity, predicting outcomes, and optimizing processes.