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A linear map is a function between two vector spaces that preserves the operations of vector addition and scalar multiplication. It is a fundamental concept in linear algebra, often used to describe transformations and analyze the structure of vector spaces.
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Concept
International relations is the study of the interactions among states and non-state actors on the global stage, focusing on diplomacy, conflict, and cooperation. It encompasses a wide range of issues including security, trade, human rights, and environmental policies, seeking to understand the underlying forces that shape global politics.
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Geopolitics is the study of the effects of geography (human and physical) on international politics and relations. It encompasses strategic decision-making and power dynamics among nations, influenced by geographical factors such as location, resources, and territorial boundaries.
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Global governance refers to the cooperative leadership and decision-making processes that transcend national borders to address global issues such as climate change, security, and economic stability. It involves a range of actors, including international organizations, states, non-governmental organizations, and multinational corporations, working together to create and implement policies for the collective good of the global community.
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Multilateralism is an approach in international relations where multiple countries work together on a given issue, typically through international institutions or agreements, to achieve common goals. It contrasts with unilateral or bilateral approaches and is often seen as a way to manage global challenges, enhance cooperation, and ensure stability through collective decision-making and shared responsibilities.
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Power dynamics refer to the ways in which power is distributed and exercised within relationships and social structures, influencing interactions and outcomes. Understanding Power dynamics is crucial for analyzing social hierarchies, addressing inequalities, and fostering more equitable systems.
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Sovereignty refers to the full right and power of a governing body to govern itself without any interference from outside sources or bodies. It is a fundamental principle in international law, emphasizing the autonomy and independence of states within the global system.
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International law is a body of rules and principles that governs the relations and interactions between sovereign states and other international actors. It aims to facilitate cooperation, maintain peace and security, and promote justice on a global scale, despite the absence of a centralized global authority.
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Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting negotiations between representatives of states or groups to manage international relations and resolve conflicts peacefully. It involves strategic communication, negotiation, and compromise to achieve political, economic, and cultural objectives while maintaining mutual respect and understanding.
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Economic interdependence refers to the mutual reliance between economies, where the actions of one economy significantly affect others due to trade, investment, and financial ties. This interconnectedness can lead to greater cooperation and peace, but also increases vulnerability to global economic fluctuations and crises.
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Global security encompasses the measures and strategies implemented by international actors to address threats that transcend national borders, including terrorism, cyber threats, and environmental challenges. It requires cooperation among nations, international organizations, and non-state actors to ensure peace, stability, and sustainable development worldwide.
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Linearizability is a consistency condition for concurrent systems that ensures operations appear to occur instantaneously at some point between their invocation and their response, preserving the real-time order of non-overlapping operations. It provides a simple and intuitive way to reason about the correctness of concurrent data structures by maintaining a single global order of operations.
Concept
Sequential consistency is a memory consistency model that ensures operations of all processors appear in a single, globally agreed order, preserving the program order of each individual processor. It simplifies reasoning about concurrent programs but can limit performance optimizations in distributed systems.
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