Soft power is the ability of a country or entity to influence others through cultural appeal, values, and diplomacy rather than coercion or monetary incentives. It emphasizes attraction and persuasion to shape preferences and achieve foreign policy objectives without the use of force.
Non-polarity refers to a world order where power is distributed among various actors rather than concentrated in a single or few dominant states, leading to a more complex and unpredictable global landscape. This decentralization of power involves not only nation-states but also non-state actors like multinational corporations, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations, which all play significant roles in global governance.
Complex Interdependence is a theory in international relations that highlights the multiple channels of interaction and communication between states, emphasizing the role of non-state actors and the importance of economic and environmental issues over military concerns. It suggests that in a world of intertwined interests, cooperation is more beneficial than conflict, reshaping traditional power dynamics and diplomatic strategies.
Sovereignty Erosion refers to the gradual weakening of a state's ability to govern itself due to external pressures, such as globalization, transnational organizations, and international agreements. This phenomenon challenges the traditional notion of absolute state sovereignty by highlighting the complex interdependence between nations in an increasingly interconnected world.
Proxy conflicts are indirect confrontations between major powers or ideologies, fought through third parties or in third countries, to avoid direct military engagement and its potential escalation. These conflicts often serve as battlegrounds for larger geopolitical struggles, with local actors and issues becoming intertwined with global power dynamics.
Human rights obligations refer to the duties that states and other entities have to respect, protect, and fulfill human rights. These obligations are grounded in international law, including treaties and customary international law, and require actions to prevent human rights abuses and to provide remedies when violations occur.
Rebel groups are organized armed groups that oppose established authority or government, often motivated by political, ideological, or socio-economic grievances. They can employ various strategies, including guerrilla tactics, and may seek to gain control over territory or resources while challenging state sovereignty.
Subpolitics refers to political processes and decisions made beyond traditional governmental and parliamentary systems, involving non-state actors like social movements and individual citizens. It underscores the rise of direct participation and influence of people and groups in shaping political outcomes, especially in areas like environmental and technological governance.