Johnson-Nyquist Noise, also known as thermal noise, is the electronic noise generated by the thermal agitation of charge carriers (typically electrons) inside an electrical conductor at equilibrium, regardless of any applied voltage. It arises from the fundamental principles of thermodynamics and is unavoidable, affecting all resistive components regardless of their composition.

Johnson-Nyquist Noise

Thermal noise, also known as Johnson-Nyquist noise, is the random electrical noise generated by the thermal agitation of charge carriers in a conductor at equilibrium. It is an unavoidable phenomenon that sets a fundamental limit on the sensitivity of electronic devices and is characterized by a Gaussian distribution with a power spectral density proportional to temperature and resistance.

thermal noise

Electronic noise represents the unwanted disturbances within an electrical signal, which can degrade the performance of electronic devices by introducing errors and reducing overall signal clarity. It arises from various sources such as thermal agitation, shot noise, and flicker noise, each impacting systems differently based on their origin and characteristics.

electronic noise

Thermal agitation refers to the random motion of particles within a material due to thermal energy, which increases with temperature. This microscopic movement is integral to understanding thermal properties and behaviors such as diffusion, heat capacity, and conductivity of materials.

thermal agitation

Charge carriers are particles or quasiparticles that carry electric charge, essential for the conduction of electricity in materials. In conductors, charge carriers are typically electrons, while in semiconductors, they can be electrons or holes, and in electrolytes, they are ions.

charge carriers

An electrical conductor is a material that allows the flow of electrical current with minimal resistance, typically due to the presence of free electrons or ions. Conductors are crucial in electrical circuits and systems, enabling the transmission of electricity from power sources to devices and appliances.

electrical conductor

applied voltage

fundamental principles of thermodynamics

Resistive components in electrical circuits are used to provide resistance to the flow of electric current, dissipating energy in the form of heat. They are fundamental in controlling current levels, dividing voltages, and protecting other components within the system.

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