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Infrared and collinear divergences arise in quantum field theories, particularly in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and quantum electrodynamics (QED), when particles like photons or gluons are emitted with low energy or along the direction of their parent particle. These divergences are typically regularized and handled through techniques such as dimensional regularization and the introduction of a factorization scale, ultimately allowing for meaningful computations and predictions in particle interactions.
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