Flowing film refers to a thin layer of fluid moving over a surface, where the dynamics are governed by factors like gravity, viscosity, and surface tension. This phenomenon is critical in processes such as heat exchangers, chemical reactors, and coating technologies, where efficient fluid distribution and heat or mass transfer are essential.

Flowing Film

Thin layer of fluid

Surface dynamics

Gravity is a fundamental force of nature that attracts two bodies with mass towards each other, playing a crucial role in the structure and behavior of the universe. It governs the motion of celestial bodies, influences tides, and is essential for phenomena such as the orbits of planets and the falling of objects on Earth.

Gravity

Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to deformation or flow, often perceived as 'thickness' or internal friction. It is a crucial property in fluid dynamics, affecting how substances move and interact under various forces and conditions.

Viscosity

Surface tension is the cohesive force at the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist external forces, due to the imbalance of intermolecular forces between the liquid's molecules and those in the air. This phenomenon is responsible for the formation of droplets, the ability of small objects to float on a liquid surface, and the capillary action observed in thin tubes.

Surface Tension

Heat exchangers are devices designed to efficiently transfer heat between two or more fluids without mixing them, crucial for processes in industries like HVAC, power generation, and chemical processing. They come in various types, such as shell-and-tube, plate, and air-cooled, each suited to specific applications based on factors like temperature, pressure, and fluid properties.

Heat Exchangers

Chemical Reactors

Coating technologies involve the application of a layer or covering to a surface to enhance its properties, such as durability, appearance, or resistance to environmental factors. These technologies are crucial in various industries, including automotive, aerospace, and electronics, for improving product performance and extending lifespan.

Coating Technologies

Fluid distribution

Heat transfer is the process by which thermal energy moves from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. It occurs through three primary mechanisms: conduction, convection, and radiation, each with distinct characteristics and applications.

Heat Transfer

Mass transfer is the movement of mass from one location to another, often occurring in processes such as diffusion, convection, and phase change. It plays a critical role in engineering applications like chemical reactors, environmental systems, and separation processes, where the efficient transfer of mass is essential for system performance and optimization.

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