Eukaryotic mRNA is a product of transcription in eukaryotic cells and is characterized by modifications like the 5' cap and poly-A tail, which protect the mRNA and assist in translation. Splicing removes introns and joins exons to produce a mature mRNA that can be translated into proteins in the cytoplasm.

Eukaryotic MRNA

Product of transcription

Eukaryotic cells are complex cellular structures characterized by the presence of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, distinguishing them from prokaryotic cells. They are the building blocks of multicellular organisms, including plants, animals, and fungi, and are essential for advanced cellular functions and specialization.

Eukaryotic Cells

The '5' cap is a modified guanine nucleotide added to the 5' end of eukaryotic mRNA molecules, playing a crucial role in mRNA stability and initiation of translation. It protects mRNA from degradation and assists in ribosome binding during protein synthesis.

5' Cap

Poly-A tail

MRNA protection

mRNA translation is the process by which the genetic information encoded in messenger RNA is used to synthesize proteins, occurring in the ribosome with the help of transfer RNA and various enzymes. This process is crucial for gene expression and the production of proteins necessary for cellular functions and organismal development.

MRNA Translation

Splicing is a molecular biology process where introns are removed and exons are joined together in pre-mRNA to form mature mRNA, which is then translated into proteins. This process is essential for gene expression regulation and allows for alternative splicing, increasing protein diversity from a single gene.

Splicing

Introns are non-coding sequences within a gene that are transcribed into RNA but are removed during RNA splicing before translation into protein. They play crucial roles in gene expression regulation and alternative splicing, contributing to protein diversity and evolution.

Introns

Exons are the coding sequences in a gene that are transcribed into mRNA and translated into proteins, playing a crucial role in gene expression. They are interspersed with introns, which are non-coding regions that are removed during RNA splicing to produce a mature mRNA transcript.

Exons

Mature MRNA

Translation into proteins

Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance within a cell that encompasses all organelles and cell parts, excluding the nucleus, playing a crucial role in maintaining cell structure and facilitating intracellular processes. It consists of cytosol, the fluid component, and is the site for many metabolic pathways, including glycolysis and protein synthesis.

Concepts

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