Cultural relativism is the principle that an individual's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture, promoting the idea that no culture is superior to another. This perspective encourages the examination of cultural practices without ethnocentric bias, fostering a deeper appreciation and understanding of cultural diversity.
Moral non-cognitivism is the meta-ethical view that moral statements do not express propositions or truths but rather emotional attitudes or prescriptions. It challenges the notion that moral discourse is about stating facts, suggesting instead that it functions to express feelings or commands.
Value subjectivism posits that the value of an object, idea, or action is not inherent but is instead determined by the individual's personal feelings, tastes, or opinions. This perspective suggests that what is considered valuable can vary greatly from one person to another, challenging the notion of universal values.
Moral complexity refers to the intricate and often conflicting nature of ethical decision-making, where clear-cut right or wrong choices are obscured by nuanced circumstances and competing values. It underscores the challenge of navigating moral dilemmas that require balancing diverse ethical principles, personal beliefs, and societal norms.
Agent-centered morality focuses on the moral duties and responsibilities of the individual, emphasizing that ethical decisions should be made based on the agent's own moral standards and the context of their actions. It contrasts with outcome-based ethics by prioritizing the moral integrity and intentions of the individual over the consequences of their actions.