An electron-hole pair is created in a semiconductor when an electron gains enough energy to jump from the valence band to the conduction band, leaving behind a 'hole' that acts as a positive charge carrier. This process is fundamental in the operation of electronic devices such as diodes, transistors, and solar cells, where the movement of electrons and holes enables electrical conduction and energy conversion.

Electron-Hole Pair

electron-hole pair

Semiconductors are materials with electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator, making them essential for modern electronics. They are the foundation of integrated circuits and devices like transistors, enabling the functionality of computers, smartphones, and other digital technologies.

semiconductor

The valence band is the highest range of electron energy levels in a solid where electrons are normally present at absolute zero temperature. It plays a crucial role in determining the electrical conductivity of materials, as electrons must be excited to the conduction band to contribute to electrical conduction.

valence band

The conduction band is the range of electron energy levels in a solid where electrons are free to move and contribute to electrical conductivity. In semiconductors and insulators, it is separated from the valence band by an energy gap, and electrons must gain sufficient energy to transition into it for conduction to occur.

conduction band

positive charge carrier

Electronic devices are tools that operate on electrical energy to perform a variety of functions, including processing, storing, and transmitting information. They form the backbone of modern technology, enabling advancements in communication, entertainment, healthcare, and numerous other fields.

electronic devices

Diodes are semiconductor devices that allow current to flow in one direction only, functioning as a one-way valve for electric current. They are essential components in converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) and are used in various applications such as rectifiers, voltage regulators, and signal demodulators.

diodes

Transistors are semiconductor devices used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power, forming the fundamental building blocks of modern electronic devices. They revolutionized technology by enabling the miniaturization and increased power of circuits, leading to the development of computers, smartphones, and other digital devices.

transistors

Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. They are a key technology in renewable energy, offering a sustainable solution to reducing dependence on fossil fuels and minimizing environmental impact.

solar cells

movement of electrons

Movement of holes

Electrical conduction is the movement of charged particles through a material, driven by an electric field. It is fundamental to the operation of electronic devices and electrical circuits, depending on the material's ability to allow charge flow, known as conductivity.

electrical conduction

Energy conversion is the process of changing energy from one form to another, enabling the use of energy in various applications and improving efficiency. This process is fundamental in powering modern technology, from generating electricity to fueling vehicles and heating homes.

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