Democratic transition refers to the process through which a non-democratic regime becomes democratic, involving changes in political institutions, practices, and culture. It is often complex, influenced by internal and external factors, and can be reversible if democratic consolidation is not achieved.

Democratic Transition

Non-democratic regime

Democratic consolidation refers to the process by which a new democracy matures, in a way that means it is unlikely to revert to authoritarianism without an external shock. It involves the establishment of stable political institutions, adherence to democratic norms, and the widespread acceptance of democratic principles by both the public and political elites.

Democratic Consolidation

Political institutions are structures and mechanisms of social order that govern the behavior and interactions of individuals within a society. They establish the rules, norms, and procedures that define political governance, influence policy-making, and shape the distribution of power and resources.

Political Institutions

Political practices

Political culture refers to the deeply embedded norms, values, beliefs, and attitudes that shape the political behavior and expectations of a society. It influences the functioning of political systems and the nature of political participation, often serving as a lens through which citizens interpret political events and policies.

Political Culture

Internal Factors

External factors are influences that originate outside an individual or organization, affecting decision-making, performance, and strategy. These factors can include economic conditions, social trends, regulatory changes, and technological advancements, all of which require careful analysis and adaptation to maintain competitive advantage.

External Factors

A reversible process is an idealized or theoretical process that occurs in such a way that the system and its surroundings can be returned to their initial states without any net change. It is characterized by being infinitesimally slow and free from dissipative effects, such as friction or turbulence, making it an important concept in thermodynamics for understanding maximum efficiency and the limits of real processes.

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