dCas9, or dead Cas9, is a modified version of the CRISPR-associated protein 9 that lacks endonuclease activity, allowing it to bind to specific DNA sequences without cutting them. This feature enables its use in gene regulation, epigenetic modifications, and chromatin imaging by recruiting various effector domains to target sites.

DCas9

Dead Cas9

CRISPR-associated protein 9

Endonuclease activity refers to the enzymatic process where endonucleases cleave the phosphodiester bonds within a nucleic acid strand, facilitating DNA repair, replication, and recombination. This activity is crucial for maintaining genomic stability and is employed in various biotechnological applications, including genetic engineering and molecular cloning.

Endonuclease Activity

Specific DNA sequences

Gene regulation is the process by which cells control the expression and timing of genes to ensure proper function and adaptation to environmental changes. This complex system involves multiple mechanisms that can activate or suppress gene activity at various stages, from transcription to post-translational modifications.

Gene Regulation

Epigenetic modifications are heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence, allowing for dynamic regulation of gene activity in response to environmental cues. These modifications include DNA methylation, histone modification, and RNA-associated silencing, which collectively contribute to cellular differentiation, development, and adaptation.

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