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Circuit switching is a method of communication where a dedicated communication path or circuit is established between two endpoints for the duration of a transmission. This approach ensures a consistent and reliable connection, but can be inefficient as the dedicated path remains reserved even when no data is being transmitted.
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Packet switching is a method of data transmission where data is broken into smaller packets and sent over a network independently, allowing for efficient use of bandwidth and reducing transmission latency. This approach contrasts with circuit switching, where a dedicated communication path is established for the duration of the session.
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Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the time frame into multiple time slots, each dedicated to a separate signal. This technique efficiently utilizes the bandwidth of the channel and is widely used in digital telecommunication systems to enhance data transmission capacity.
Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM) is a technique that allows multiple signals to be transmitted simultaneously over a single communication channel by assigning each signal a unique frequency band. This method efficiently utilizes bandwidth and minimizes interference, making it essential for applications like radio broadcasting and telecommunication systems.
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Switching fabric is a network topology that facilitates the transfer of data between devices in a network, ensuring efficient and scalable communication. It is a critical component in network switches and routers, allowing multiple data paths to operate simultaneously without interference.
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Routing protocols are crucial for determining the optimal path for data transmission across networks, ensuring efficient and reliable communication. They dynamically adjust routes based on network conditions, topology changes, and traffic load to maintain robust network performance.
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Network topology refers to the arrangement of different elements (links, nodes, etc.) in a computer network. It is crucial for determining the performance, scalability, and fault tolerance of the network infrastructure.
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Latency refers to the delay between a user's action and the corresponding response in a system, crucial in determining the perceived speed and efficiency of interactions. It is a critical factor in network performance, affecting everything from web browsing to real-time applications like gaming and video conferencing.
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Bandwidth refers to the maximum rate of data transfer across a given path, crucial for determining the speed and efficiency of network communications. It is a critical factor in the performance of networks, impacting everything from internet browsing to streaming and data-intensive applications.
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Quality of Service (QoS) refers to the performance level of a service, emphasizing the ability to provide predictable and reliable network performance by managing bandwidth, delay, jitter, and packet loss. It is crucial in ensuring optimal user experience, particularly in real-time applications like VoIP and streaming services.
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The base, emitter, and collector are the three terminals of a bipolar junction transistor (BJT), which is a fundamental semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals. The emitter injects carriers into the base, which controls the flow of carriers to the collector, thus modulating the output current or voltage.
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Field-effect transistors (FETs) are semiconductor devices that control the flow of current by applying an electric field, making them essential components in modern electronics for amplifying or switching signals. Their operation is based on the modulation of charge carriers in a channel, which is controlled by a voltage applied to a gate terminal, offering high input impedance and low power consumption.
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