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English
New Course
Concept
Borda Count
The
Borda Count
is a
voting method
used to rank options or candidates by
assigning points
based on their position in each
voter's preference list
, with the option receiving the
highest total points
being
the winner
. It is particularly useful in situations where consensus is valued over
majority rule
, as it considers the
preferences of all voters
rather than just the
top choice
of each voter.
Relevant Fields:
Probability and Statistics 50%
Politics 30%
Mathematics 20%
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Concept
Ranked Voting
Ranked voting
is an
electoral system
where
voters rank candidates
in
order of preference
rather than voting for a
single candidate
. This method aims to ensure that the
elected candidate
has
broader support
by considering voters' second or
third choices
if no candidate receives a
majority of first-choice votes
.
Concept
Consensus Decision Making
Consensus decision making is a way for a group to make a choice that everyone can agree with, even if it's not everyone's first choice. It helps people work together nicely and make sure everyone's ideas are heard and respected.
Concept
Positional Voting System
A
positional voting system
is a
method of voting
where voters
rank candidates
in
order of preference
, and points are assigned based on the position each candidate holds in a voter's ranking. The candidate with the
highest total points
across
all ballots
is
declared the winner
, offering a
compromise between
majority rule
and
proportional representation
.
Concept
Condorcet Method
The
Condorcet Method
is a
voting system
that elects the candidate who would win a
head-to-head competition
against each of the other candidates in a majority of the contests. It is based on the principle of
pairwise comparison
and is designed to reflect the
collective preference
of the voters more accurately than simple plurality
voting system
s.
Concept
Arrow's Impossibility Theorem
Arrow's Impossibility Theorem
demonstrates that no
rank-order voting system
can convert
individual preferences
into a
community-wide ranking
while simultaneously meeting a set of
fair criteria
, including
unrestricted domain
, non-dictatorship,
Pareto efficiency
, and
independence of irrelevant alternatives
. This theorem reveals inherent
limitations in designing a perfect voting system
, highlighting the trade-offs necessary in
collective decision-making
processes.
Concept
Social Choice Theory
Social Choice Theory
explores how
individual preferences
can be aggregated to reach a
collective decision
, addressing the
challenges of fairness
, efficiency, and representation. It encompasses various
voting systems
and
decision-making processes
, highlighting the
potential for paradoxes
and inconsistencies, such as those identified by
Arrow's Impossibility Theorem
.
Concept
Weighted Voting
Weighted voting
is a
voting system
where different votes have different
levels of influence
or weight, often used to reflect the varying importance or
stake of voters
in a
decision-making process
. This system is commonly employed in
corporate governance
, political bodies, and
cooperative organizations
to ensure that
decision outcomes
fairly represent
stakeholders' interests
and
power dynamics
.
Concept
Majority Voting System
A
majority voting system
is a
decision-making process
where the
option that receives more than half of the votes
is
selected as the winner
. It is commonly used in
democratic elections
to ensure that the
chosen candidate
or
policy has broad support
from the electorate.
Concept
Voting Mechanism
A
voting mechanism
is a method used to aggregate
individual preferences
to reach a
collective decision
, often employed in elections or
decision-making processes
. It aims to ensure fairness, efficiency, and representativeness, while minimizing the potential for
strategic manipulation
or bias.
Concept
Rank Aggregation
Rank aggregation
is a method used to combine
multiple rankings
to produce a single,
comprehensive ranking
that reflects the
collective preferences
or assessments of the
input rankings
. It is widely applied in fields like
information retrieval
, decision making, and
social choice theory
to reconcile
diverse opinions
or
data sources
into a
unified order of preference
.
Concept
Voting Paradoxes
Voting paradoxes
occur when
collective preferences
can be cyclical or inconsistent, even if
individual preferences
are not, highlighting the complexities and potential
flaws in voting systems
. These paradoxes can lead to outcomes where no
clear winner
is determined or where the
chosen outcome
does not reflect the
true preference
of the majority.
Concept
Voting Procedures
Voting procedures
are
structured methods
used to aggregate
individual preferences
into a
collective decision
, ensuring fairness, transparency, and
legitimacy in democratic processes
. These procedures can vary widely, from simple
majority voting
to more
complex systems
like
ranked choice
or
proportional representation
, each with its own
implications for representation
and governance.
Concept
Collective Choice
Collective choice
refers to the process by which groups make decisions, integrating
individual preferences
, interests, or welfare into a single
collective outcome
. It is a central theme in
social choice theory
and involves mechanisms like voting, consensus-building, and bargaining to resolve conflicts and achieve
group objectives
.
Concept
Voting Method
A
voting method
is a
systematic approach
used to determine the
outcome of an election
or
decision-making process
, reflecting the
preferences of the voters
. Different methods can lead to different results, highlighting the importance of choosing an appropriate system for
fair representation
.
Concept
Preference Voting
Preference voting
is an
electoral system
that allows voters to rank candidates in
order of preference
, ensuring that
votes for less popular candidates
can be transferred to
more preferred ones
, thereby reducing
wasted votes
and promoting a more
representative outcome
. This method encourages candidates to appeal to a
broader constituency
and can lead to more consensual and less
polarized political landscapes
.
Concept
Single-winner Election
A
single-winner election
is a
voting system
where
one candidate
is chosen from a
pool of candidates
to hold a
particular position
, based on the majority or
plurality of votes
. This system is widely used in various
democratic processes
, emphasizing the
importance of each vote
in
determining the outcome
.
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