Beyond Standard Model refers to theoretical developments that extend or refine the Standard Model of particle physics, which successfully describes three of the four fundamental forces but is incomplete in addressing phenomena like dark matter, dark energy, and gravity. These theories aim to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the universe by incorporating elements not explained by the Standard Model, such as supersymmetry, extra dimensions, and quantum gravity theories.

Beyond Standard Model

The Standard Model of Particle Physics is a well-established theory that describes three of the four known fundamental forces in the universe and classifies all known subatomic particles. It successfully explains electromagnetic, weak, and strong nuclear interactions but does not incorporate gravity or account for dark matter and dark energy.

Standard Model Of Particle Physics

Fundamental forces are the essential interactions that govern the behavior of particles and the structure of matter in the universe. There are four known fundamental forces: gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear, each with distinct characteristics and roles in physical processes.

Fundamental Forces

Dark matter is a form of matter that does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it invisible and detectable only through its gravitational effects on visible matter. It is believed to constitute approximately 27% of the universe, influencing the structure and evolution of galaxies and galaxy clusters.

Dark Matter

Dark energy is a mysterious form of energy that is hypothesized to be responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe, accounting for approximately 68% of the total energy content of the cosmos. Its nature remains one of the biggest unsolved problems in physics, with various theories suggesting it could be a property of space itself or a new dynamic field.

Dark Energy

Gravity is a fundamental force of nature that attracts two bodies with mass towards each other, playing a crucial role in the structure and behavior of the universe. It governs the motion of celestial bodies, influences tides, and is essential for phenomena such as the orbits of planets and the falling of objects on Earth.

Gravity

Comprehensive understanding of the universe

Supersymmetry is a theoretical framework in particle physics that postulates a symmetry between fermions and bosons, aiming to unify the fundamental forces and address unresolved issues in the Standard Model, such as the hierarchy problem. Although no experimental evidence for supersymmetry has yet been found, it remains a significant area of research due to its potential to explain dark matter and provide a pathway to a more comprehensive theory of everything.

Supersymmetry

The concept of extra dimensions proposes that beyond the familiar three dimensions of space and one of time, additional spatial dimensions exist, which are compactified or hidden from everyday perception. This idea is a cornerstone of string theory and other advanced theoretical frameworks, offering potential explanations for fundamental forces and particles in the universe.

Concepts

Relevant Degrees

Your Lessons