Topology in solid-state physics refers to the study of properties that remain invariant under continuous deformations of systems, providing a robust framework for understanding phenomena like the quantum Hall effect and topological insulators. These topological properties arise from the global features of the electronic wave functions, leading to quantized and stable states immune to local perturbations.
Gas laws describe the behavior of gases in relation to pressure, volume, and temperature, providing a framework to predict how gases will respond to changes in these conditions. They are essential for understanding various natural phenomena and are foundational in fields like chemistry, physics, and engineering.