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Concept
Pulse Sequence
A
pulse sequence
in MRI is a series of
radiofrequency pulses
and
gradient magnetic fields
designed to generate specific types of
image contrast
and
data acquisition
. It determines the timing, duration, and order of these pulses to manipulate
nuclear spin properties
, enabling the visualization of different
tissue characteristics
and functionalities.
Relevant Fields:
Measurement Principles and Apparatus Design 67%
Lab Apparatus 33%
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Concept
Fluid Dynamics
Fluid dynamics
is a
branch of physics
that studies the
behavior of fluids
(liquids and gases) in motion and the
forces acting on them
. It is essential for understanding
natural phenomena
and
designing systems
in
engineering disciplines
, including aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and meteorology.
Concept
Vortex Shedding
Vortex shedding
is a
fluid dynamics phenomenon
where alternating
low-pressure vortices
are formed downstream of a
bluff body
in a flow, causing
oscillating forces
on the body. This can lead to
structural vibrations
and is a
critical consideration
in the
design of structures
like bridges, chimneys, and
tall buildings
to avoid resonance and
potential failure
.
Concept
Vorticity
Vorticity is a measure of the
local rotation
in a
fluid flow
, representing the
tendency of fluid elements to spin
around a point. It is a crucial concept in
fluid dynamics
, helping to understand
complex flow patterns
such as turbulence, cyclones, and eddies.
Concept
Turbulence
Turbulence is the chaotic,
unpredictable flow
of fluids characterized by vortices, eddies, and
rapid changes in pressure
and velocity. It plays a critical role in various natural and
industrial processes
, affecting
weather patterns
,
aircraft performance
, and
energy efficiency
in systems like pipelines and turbines.
Concept
Boundary Layer Theory
Boundary Layer Theory
describes the
thin region
adjacent to a
solid surface
where
viscous forces
are significant, affecting the
flow velocity
and
pressure distribution
. It is crucial for understanding drag, heat transfer, and
aerodynamic performance
in
fluid dynamics applications
.
Concept
Navier-Stokes Equations
The
Navier-Stokes Equations
are a set of
nonlinear partial differential equations
that describe the
motion of fluid substances
such as liquids and gases. They are fundamental to
fluid dynamics
and are used to model
weather patterns
, ocean currents, and
airflow around wings
, among other applications.
Concept
Kármán Vortex Street
Concept
Helmholtz's Theorems
Helmholtz's Theorems
provide a
foundational framework in fluid dynamics
for understanding the
behavior of vortex flows
. They describe how vortices behave in an
ideal fluid
, including the
conservation of circulation
and how
vortex lines
move with the flow.
Concept
Potential Flow Theory
Potential flow theory
is a
mathematical approach
used to analyze
fluid flow
where the fluid is considered incompressible and irrotational, allowing the use of
potential functions
to simplify
complex flow problems
. It is particularly useful in aerodynamics and hydrodynamics for modeling
idealized flow patterns
around objects without accounting for
viscosity effects
.
Concept
Coriolis Effect
The
Coriolis effect
is a phenomenon that causes
moving air
and water to turn and twist due to
Earth's rotation
, influencing
weather patterns
and
ocean currents
. It is crucial for understanding the dynamics of large-scale atmospheric and oceanic circulations, such as
trade winds
and cyclones.
Concept
Bound Vortices
Bound vortices
are
circulating flows
that form around
aerodynamic bodies
, effectively enabling
lift generation
by altering
pressure distribution
along the surface. These vortices are permanent and closed, remaining attached to the aerofoil and play a crucial role in
sustaining lift
through the
plane's movement
in
fluid dynamics
.
Concept
Lift Distribution
Lift distribution
refers to the manner in which
aerodynamic lift
is spread across the
wingspan of an aircraft
, a critical aspect for ensuring optimal
aerodynamic efficiency
and
structural integrity
. Understanding and optimizing
Lift distribution
helps in
minimizing induced drag
and
enhancing the aircraft's performance
, particularly in terms of
lift-to-drag ratio
and stability.
Concept
Propeller Efficiency
Propeller efficiency
is a measure of how effectively a propeller converts the
engine power
into thrust, impacting both performance and
fuel economy
of the vehicle. It is influenced by factors such as
blade design
, angle of attack, and
operational conditions
like speed and altitude.
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