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A programming language grammar is like a set of rules that tells computers how to understand the instructions we give them. It's similar to how we learn grammar rules in school to make sentences that others can read and understand.

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Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a language, determining how words combine to form grammatically correct sentences. It plays a crucial role in conveying meaning and ensuring clarity in communication, influencing both spoken and written language across different linguistic contexts.
Concept
Parsing is the process of analyzing a sequence of symbols in a structured format, often used in programming to interpret and convert data into a more usable form. It is critical for understanding and executing code, as well as processing data formats like JSON, XML, and HTML.
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Tokens are the smallest units of meaning in a text, used in natural language processing to break down and analyze language data. They are essential for tasks like text classification, sentiment analysis, and machine translation, as they help in understanding and manipulating the structure of language.
A syntax tree, also known as a parse tree, is a hierarchical structure that represents the grammatical structure of a string according to a formal grammar. It is used in compilers and interpreters to analyze the syntactic structure of source code, facilitating the translation of code into executable instructions.
A formal language is a set of strings of symbols that are constrained by specific grammatical rules, often used in fields like computer science, linguistics, and mathematics to precisely define computational or logical processes. It serves as the foundation for programming languages, automata theory, and formal verification, enabling the rigorous specification and analysis of algorithms and systems.
Concept
A compiler is a specialized program that translates high-level source code written in programming languages into machine code that can be executed by a computer's processor. This translation process involves several stages, including lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, optimization, and code generation, ensuring that the final executable is efficient and error-free.
An interpreter is a program that directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without requiring them to be compiled into machine language first. This allows for dynamic execution and testing of code, making it easier to debug and modify compared to compiled languages.
Lexical analysis is the process of converting a sequence of characters into a sequence of tokens, which are the meaningful units of code used by a compiler or interpreter. It serves as the first phase of a compiler, facilitating syntax analysis by organizing the input into a structured format.
Context-Free Grammar (CFG) is a formal system used to define the syntax of programming languages and natural languages, characterized by production rules that replace a single non-terminal symbol with a string of non-terminal and terminal symbols. CFGs are powerful enough to describe many language constructs while allowing efficient parsing algorithms, making them essential in compiler design and language processing.
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